Chapter 15 special senses: for lecture exam

Aisha has normal vision during the day, but she bumps into furniture at night and struggles to see in dim rooms. 

Rods

At age 45, Grace suddenly needs reading glasses because she can no longer focus on nearby text, as the muscles that change the shape of her lens have weakened with age.

Ciliary muscles

Diego sees well at dusk but has trouble telling colors apart and seeing fine detail in bright light. 

Cones

A grain of sand scratches the transparent front surface of Tyrell’s eye, the surface that does most of the bending of light, and his vision becomes blurry.

Cornea

During a vision test, a small dot vanishes whenever it lands on one particular spot in Lena’s visual field, which her doctor says is normal because that part of the retina has no photoreceptors.

Optic disc

After an eye injury, Sam can still see objects at the edges of his vision, but he has lost the sharp central vision he needs to read.

Fovea centralis

What cells replace your taste cells after burning your tongue?

Basal cells

What cells on your tongue do the tasting?

Gustatory cells

What nerve pathway for taste controls the front end of the tongue? (anterior 2/3)

Facial nerve

What nerve pathway for taste controls the back end of the tongue? (posterior1/3)

Glossopharyngeal nerve

What nerve carries sensation from the root of the tongue and epiglottis?

Vagus nerve

What are the glands that produce tears?

Lacrimal glands

What happens when excess tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi?

The tears exit through your nose

What is the outer layer of the eyeball called?

Fibrous tunic

What part of the eye contains the sclera and cornea"?

Fibrous tunic

What is the white connective tissue that maintains eye shape?

Sclera

What is the transparent front of the eye that refracts light? (anterior 1/5 of the eye)

Cornea

What is the middle layer of the eye called?

Vascular tunic

What controls the shape of the lens in your eye?

Ciliary muscles

As your _____ gets weaker over time you will need glasses.

Ciliary muscles

What is the nervous tunic of the eye that contains photo receptors?

Retina

Where what part of your eye contains no photoreceptors and is your “blind spot”?

Optic disc

Where do nerves exit the eye?

Optic disc

Where do blood vessels enter the eye?

Optic disc

What are the three chambers of the eye?

Anterior, Posterior, Vitreous

What is the clear fluid in the front part of the eye fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?

Aqueous humor

What has MORE water than the aqueous humor and fills the vitreous chamber?

Vitreous humor

What is it called when there is refraction off a concave surface, and the light expands outward?

Divergence

What is it called when there is refraction off a convex surface, and the light expands inward?

Convergence

What part of your eye is responsible for the most convergence?

Cornea

What part of your eye is responsible for vision in low illumination? (Night vision)

Rods

What is responsible for color vision and visual activity?

Cones

What happens when all light colors are mixed equally?

It produces white light

Where in your eye is the highest concentration of cones?

Fovea centralis

Whereare most visual images focused?

Fovea centralis

What part of the ear consists of the auricle and external acoustic meatus?

External ear

What part of the ear connects the internal and external ear?

Middle ear

What is the ear drums actual name?

Tympanic membrane

What connects the middle ear the the pharynx, and functions to equalize pressure?

Auditory tube

What contains hair cells that are the receptors for sound waves?

Cochlea

What are the fluid-fiilled tubes that sense head rotation and contribute to proprioception (knowing where you are located)?

Semicircular canals