4th sociology set for terms exam # 2

Symbols

Objects or signs carrying shared cultural meaning.

Sanctions

Rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to norms.

Discovery

Recognizing something that already exists.

Invention

Creating something new.

Diffusion

Spread of cultural practices between groups.

Cultural leveling

Cultures becoming increasingly similar.

Cultural integration

Different parts of culture influencing one another.

Looking glass self

Developing self-image through how we imagine others see us.

Symbolic interactionism

Perspective examining how people create meaning through interaction.

Thomas theorem

Situations defined as real have real consequences.

Pre-play stage

Early imitation without fully understanding social roles.

Play stage

Taking the role of one specific other person.

Game stage

Understanding multiple roles and shared rules simultaneously.

Thing/object

Something given meaning through social interaction.

Blumer's principles

People act on meanings developed and modified through interaction.

Face-work

Actions taken to maintain or restore social image.

Studied nonobservance

Deliberately overlooking minor mistakes to protect someone's face.

Avoidance process

Preventing situations that might threaten face.

Corrective process

Repairing face after an embarrassing incident.

Protective maneuvers

Actions that help protect another person's face.

Civil inattention

Acknowledging others without intruding on their privacy.

Frontstage

Public behavior performed for an audience.

Backstage

Private setting where people can relax their public performance.

Social construction

Meanings or categories created and maintained through society.

Gender identity

One's internal sense of gender.

Femininity

Traits and behaviors culturally associated with women.

Masculinity

Traits and behaviors culturally associated with men

Doing gender

Producing gender through everyday interactions and expectations.

Gender display

Visible behavior communicating culturally recognized gender meanings.

Ritualization of subordination

Poses suggesting lower status or submission.

Feminine touch

Advertising convention showing women delicately touching objects or themselves.

Licensed withdrawal

Portraying women as psychologically removed or disengaged.

Sex category

Social classification based on recognizable cues.

Gender accountability

Judging behavior against gender expectations.

Nacirema

Miner's fictionalized portrayal of Americans that exposes ethnocentrism.