Chapter 4 Lecture

Lecture 4 notecards

4 types of tissues

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

Epithelial tissue functions

- lining/covering

- absorption and secretion

- sensation

Apical Surface of epithelial tissue

an upper free surface exposed to exterior

Basolateral Surface of epithelial tissue

Areas between two adjacent cells or a cell and the basement membrane

Epithelial tissues are ___________. But they have ___________ abilities supported by division of _____ _______.

Epithelial tissues are AVASCULAR. But they have REGENERATIVE abilities supported by division of STEM CELLS.

Epithelial cells are bound by what

intercellular junctions

3 types of intercellular junctions

1. Gap

2. Tight

3. Desmosomes

Gap Junction

- allows the passage of materials between cells

- coordinate involuntary muscle contractions

Tight junctions

prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

2 specialized epithelium types

Transitional

Glandular

Simple Squamous - function

- ease of diffusion & barrier

* Capillaries (endothelium)

* Serous membranes (mesothelium)

Stratified Squamous - function

- keratinized epidermis

- nonkeratinized orifices, espophagous

simple cuboidal - function

lines renal tubules, thyroid follicles, & more

Stratified cuboidal

Lines mammary ducts, sweat, and salivary glands

microvilli

* increase absorption surface area

* may be in simple columnar E.

stratified columnar locations

pharynx epiglottis, exocrine glands

Pseudostratified Columnar location

respiratory tract

glandular epithelium - 2 types

secreting glands

- Endocrine

- Exocrine

endocrine glands

ductless ; secrete hormones into blood stream

Exocrine glands

Secrete onto surfaces via ducts

- sweat, salivary, etc

Classifying Exocrine - 3 catagories

1. structure

2. Mode of secretion

3. Type of secretion

Exocrine step 1 in classifying

- unicellular

- multicellular : structure of duct & shape of secretory

Structure of duct - 3 types (Exocrine gland)

1. simple : straight pipe

2. simple branched : multiple leading to 1 pipe

3. compound : pipe splits into multiple

Shape of secretory portion (Exocrine gland)

1. Alveolar

2. Tubular ; can be coiled

3. Tubuloalveolar : combined

Secretion Modes

1. Merocrine

2. Apocrine

3. Holocrine

Merocrine secretion mode

A strategy of secreting hormones via exocytosis

- salivary and most exocrine glands

Apocrine secretion mode

involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product

- mammary glands

Halocrine secretion mode

cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate

- sebaceous glands

Serous secretion type

Thin, watery fluid

*tears

Mucous secretion type

- mucin lubricant

* intestinal submucosal glands

mixed exocrine glands

both serous and mucous

*submandibular salivary glands

CT 3 types

1. CT proper

2. Fluid CT

3. Supporting CT

Fibroblasts

In CT, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.

Macrophage

Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells

Mast Cells

Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.

Adipocytes

store triglycerides

Melanocytes

cells that produce melanin

Collagen Fibers

provides flexibility and strength

Reticular fibers

Fibers found near blood vessels that add strength and support

Elastic fibers

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

3 types of loose CT

1. Areolar

2. Adipose

3. Reticular

3 types of dense

regular, irregular, elastic

3 types of Fasciae layers

1. superficial fascia

2. deep fascia

3. subserous fascia

superficial fasciae

A layer of loose connective tissue that lies just beneath the skin, providing insulation and cushioning for underlying structures. It also allows for the movement of skin over tissues.

deep fasciae

dense, fibrous layer of connective tissue that lies beneath the superficial fascia and wraps around muscles, bones, nerves, and blood vessels

subserous fascia

layer of connective tissue that suspends, wraps, and supports internal organs within body cavities

Tissue membranes 4 types

1. Mucous membranes

2. Serous membranes

3. Cutaneous membrane

4. Synovial membranes

Line or cover body surfaces

Typically consist of epithelium supported by connective tissue

Mucosal membranes

Line body openings

-Produce mucin and release antimicrobial substances

-Underlying areolar tissue (Lamina Propria)

Goblet cells

secrete mucus

Serous Membranes

Thin epithelium (mesothelium)

- Underlying areolar tissue

Cutaneous Membranes

covers body, skin

Synovial membranes

Loose, connective tissue that lines the joint cavity

Types of Fluid CT

blood & lymph

Cartilage - ( _________ cells occupying __________)

Chondrocytes occupy lacunae within gel-lie ECM

Perichondrium

Dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage.

Endothelium

Capillaries

Mesothelium

serous membranes

underlying areolar layer at base of mucosal membrane

Lamina Propria