Physics and Math - Data Based and Statistical Reasoning

MCAT Chp 12

Measures of central tendency

describe the middle of sample

mean

calculated adding up all individual values within data set and dividing the results by number of values

outlier

extremely large or extremely small value compared other data values

median

data mid point, where half dat points greater than value and half are smaller

mode

number that appears most often in a data set

Normal distribution

symmetrical, mean median and mode all the same

Standard distribution

normal distribution mean zero and SD of one

Skewed distribution

contains a tail on one side or the other of the data set

Biomodal Distribution

A distribution containing two peaks

range

data set is the difference between largest and smallest values

Interquartile range

related to median, first and third quartiles

Quartiles

divide data into groups compromise one fourth of entire set

Standard Deviation

calculated by taking difference between each data point and the mean, squaring this value, dividing the sum of all these squared values by number of points in data minus one, then taking square root of result

Independent events

Have no effect on one another

Dependent events

have an impact on one another, such that order changes the probability

Mutually exclusive outcomes

cannot occur at the same time

Exhaustive

If there are no other possible outcomes

Null Hypothesis

hypothesis of equivalence

Type I error

Value of a is level of risk that we are willing to accept for incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis

Type II Error

incorrectly fail to reject the null hypothesis

Power

Probability correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis

Confidence

probability correctly pairing to reject a true null hypothesis

Chart

present info in visual format and frequently used for categorical data

Pie Charts

Represent relative amounts of entities, popular in demographics

Bar Charts

Used for categorical data, which sorts data points based on predetermined categories

Histograms

Present numerical data rather than describe categories

Box Plot

Used to show range median quartile and outlier for set of data

Box and Whisker

labeled box plot

Map

data illustrated geographically

Linear group

show relationship between two variable

Semilog graph

specialized represenation of log data set

log log graph

when both axes uses constant ratio from point to point on axis

Correlation

connection between data