Earth science

Earth Science

The study of the Earth and its neighbors in space, focusing on the solid lithosphere, liquid hydrosphere, and gaseous atmosphere.

Geosphere/Lithosphere

The solid Earth including the core, mantle, crust, and soil layers, underlain by the asthenosphere.

Convection current

Movements in the Asthenosphere where magma rises, cools, sinks, reheats, and rises again.

Core

The densest layer of the Earth, divided into the inner core and outer core, composed of heavy metals like iron, oxygen, and nickel alloy.

Geology

Primary Earth science dealing with Earth materials, structures, processes, and changes over time.

Meteorology

Study of the atmosphere determining Earth’s weather and climate, focusing on climate changes over time.

Oceanography

Study of Earth’s oceans, their composition, movement, organisms, and resources, aiming to protect them from human impact.

Astronomy

The study of the universe, including the impact of celestial bodies on Earth and the role of the sun in driving weather and climates.

Hydrosphere

Earth’s water in all forms, covering 78% of the Earth’s surface, including oceans, surface waters, underground water, ice, and atmospheric water vapor.

Biosphere

The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their interactions with the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.