nutrition test two

describe proteins

contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. made of amino acids

compare essential to nonessential amino acids

there are nine essential amino acids that you get from the diet

list 3 essential amino acids

leucine, lysine, valine

describe conditionally essential amino acids

when essential is not available, it makes these nonessential

describe peptide bond

joins amino acids together

dipeptide

2 amino acids

tripeptide

3 amino acids

oligopeptide

4-10 amino acids

polypeptide

11+ amino acids

denaturation

destorys proteins 3d structure. heat and acid can cause it. ex: egg

define acid

donates H ions

define base

accepts H ions

define pH

measure of H ion concentration

define buffer

keeps stable pH

describe proteins as acid/base regulators

Proteins acts as buffers because one part of amino acids can donate H ions and the other part can accept H ions

define collagen

tissue health

define enzymes

catalysts

define antibodies

defends body against disease

define antigens

what antibody recognizes

define hormones

insulin

define cell membrane proteins

receptors like insulin receptors

define fibrin

form bulk of a blood clot

define hemoglobin

iron containing protein in blood

define transferrin

transfer iron from liver to bone marrow

define opsin

part of photoreceptors in eye needed for vision

define neurotransmitter

allow nerves to communicate

define complete protein

protein that has all of the essential amino acids (ALL animal proteins are complete – only some plant proteins like soy are complete)

define incomplete protein

doesn’t have all essential amino acids

define biological value

a standard used to compare other proteins (egg has a 100% value)

define PEM

insufficient intake of protein, energy, or both. Prevalent form of malnutrition. Impact is poor growth for children

define marasmus

chronic PEM. Deprivation of protein, energy (calories), vitamins, and      minerals. Impaired growth, wasting of muscle, impaired brain development

define kwashiorkor

acute PEM. A severe protein deficiency (energy, vitamins, mineral not deficient, but child not getting enough or high-quality protein). Develops rapidly

define dysentry

severe diarrhea

define aflatoxin

toxin in mold that inhibits protein synthesis found in grains and nuts

define edema

swelling caused by excess fluid in body’s tissues

Define N balance (positive if retaining protein and negative if losing)

means synthesis= breakdown. Positive: synthesis > breakdown (ex: growing kids). Negative: breakdown > synthesis (ex: starvation)

Know the recommended protein intake

10%-35% of daily energy intake

Discuss problems with high protein diets and amino acid supplements

Heart disease, cancer, kidney disease (excess urea formation), osteoporosis

Describe tofu

complete plant protein (soy)

define anabolism

synthetic reactions or building reactions

define catabolism

breakdown reactions or decomposition

review cell parts and functions

DNA -> RNA (transcription) -> protein (translation). Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. Golgi packages and ships proteins to destination. Mitochondria is where ATP is made.

describe enzymes

proteins that makes reactions occur

describe coenzymes

help enzymes

____vitamin serves as ___ in energy metabolism

B; coenzymes

list 3 pathways involved in breakdown of glucose

1. glycolysis

2. krebs

3. et

define glycoloysis

start glucose turned into pyruvate, form +2ATP. can take place in presence or absence of oxygen. pyruvate changed to AcetylCoA

define krebs

starts AcetylCoA. requires oxygen. byproducts are CO2, 2ATP, NADH, & FADH

define et

most atp made here

define aerobic respiration

breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to form large amounts of ATP

define anerobic transportation

breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to form a few ATP and a lot of lactic acid

describe Cori cycle

Lactic acid gets converted back to glucose in the liver

Describe fat metabolism

Fatty acids get converted to Acetyl CoA, so they enter at Krebs Cycle

amino acid metabolism includes…

deamination and urea formation

deamination

amino group removed – carbon backbone used for ATP

urea formation

deamination leads to urea. Urea is a protein metabolism waste product normally found in urine

Describe the production of ketones

When carb intake is low, Acetyl CoA builds up and gets turned into ketone bodies (used as an alternate fuel source)

Describe alcohol

A drug considered a CNS depressant

Describe the absorption and metabolism of alcohol and its effects on the liver

Alcohol is quickly absorbed unless there is food present in stomach. Alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme in the liver that converts alcohol to a least toxic form

Describe 3 negative effects of alcohol discussed in class

Interfere with judgement, slows reaction time, addiction, damage liver, fetal alcohol syndrome (if mom is pregnant).

Know the number of calories in a pound of fat

1lb body fat = 3,500 calories

define hunger

physiological NEED to eat

define appetite

the desire to eat

define amylin and cholecystokinin

hormones that promote satiety (fullness)

define gherlin

hormone that stimulates hunger and food intake

define BMR

basal metabolic rate

define basal metabolism

energy (calories) burned just to stay alive

List factors that affect basal metabolic rate

Caffeine, gender, nicotine, hypothyroidism.

Be able to estimate energy requirements

diet analysis

Define BMI

Index of a person’s weight in relation to height. Used to determine if person is underweight, healthy, overweight, or obese. Does not take in to account one’s body composition. BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obese.

describe some problems with being overweight

Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart attack

What is the minimum recommended body fat percentage

5% men and 15% women

List some problems with being underweight

Women: fertility problems, infants unhealthy, can’t fight cancer

Discuss anorexia nervosa

Distorted body image, refusal to eat, compulsive exercise habits, increased risk for higher achievers

Discuss bulimia

Binge eating followed by purging (vomiting or laxatives), weight fluctuations

Describe some characteristics of fat cells

Grow in # until teens and then enlarge. After fat in skin fills, fat will be deposited in and around organs

Describe the relationship between lipoprotein lipase and weight gain or loss

Women have higher levels of this enzyme in hips and thighs. Men have higher levels in abdomen

Describe Prader Willi Syndrome

Genetic condition, constantly hungry, intellectually impaired

Compare white fat and brown fat

White is more for storage. Brown is used for heat (higher in infants and lower in adults)

Briefly describe some causes of overweight and obesity

Genetics, overeating, physical inactivity

define cellulite

visible fat under the skin. older we are, more visible

define bariatrics

field of medicine treating obesity

drug for treating obesity

subutramine, meridia - appetite suppressant

___ bypass or banding is used to treat obesity

gastric

define liposuction

surgery to break up fat and then remove it

List some strategies for weight loss

500 calorie deficiency/day should produce weight loss of 1lb/week. Choose nutrient dense foods, choose complex carbs (legumes, fruits, vegs, and whole grains). Limit high fat foods, portion control.

list some strategies for gaining weight

Pick highest calorie foods (milkshake, avocados, juice)

define diuretics

increase urine output, but only cause water weight loss, dangerous

define vitamins

organic molecules needed in small amounts for good health

water soluble vitamins are…

readily excreted in the urine and you are less likely to reach toxic levels because of that

fat soluble vitamins are…

stored in fatty tissue and carry higher risk for toxicity symptoms

define bioavailability

how well a nutrient/drug can be absorbed in blood stream

B vitamins role is to

help your body turn carbs, fats, and proteins to fuel

thiamin function

energy metabolism and keeps nerves healthy

thiamin source

pork and enriched grain products

define Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

condition of severe thiamin deficiency in chronic alcohol abusers

___ decreases absorption of thiamin

alcohol

define Beriberi

condition of prolonged thiamin deficiency that causes weakness or damage to nervous system, heart, and muscles

riboflavin functions

energy metabolism and important for healthy tissue and membranes

define Ariboflavinosis

inflammation of membranes when deficient in riboflavin