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Protein

one of the four major macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; functions as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, elastic tissue, muscle fibers, hair/nails and pigments

amino acid

Building blocks of protein, consisting of a central carbon with four covalent bonds attached to a carboxyl group, amine group, hydrogen and variable group; the monomers of protein

Amino Acid Structure

Central carbon atom bonded to an Amine Group (NH2), Carboxyl Group (COOH) a single Hydrogen and an Variable Group (R Group)

How many amino acids are there?

20- all characterized by subbing in 20 different things into the variable (R) group spot

Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Enzyme

a protein that acts as a catalyst to control other chemical reactions- it does not get used up in the process and can go onto other reactions

Catalyst

something that effects the rate of other chemical reactions without getting used up in the process

Activation energy

amount of energy needed to start a reaction, gets reduced by the addition of an enzyme

Active Site

the portion of an enzyme that allows for binding by a substrate. Extremely specific, its shape determines what can and will bind.

Enzyme function can be reduced by three factors

a change in temperature, a change in pH, and the presence of either a coenzyme or inhibitor

peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids

Elements in a protein

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works- the thing that bonds to an enzyme

denatured

a protein/enzyme whose structure (active site) has been changed by either temperature or pH

monomers of protein

amino acids

dimers of protein

dipeptide

polymers of proteins

polypeptides

coenzyme

helper enzyme

inhibitor

A substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction by binding to an enzymes active site and either blocking it or changing its shape

how do polypeptides form?

dehydration synthesis where OH leaves from a Carboxyl group of one amino acid and an H leaves from the amine group of another amino acid

How do polypeptides break down?

with the addition of water molecules and enzymes during hydrolysis