Learn: bio 111 -exam 1 review hawkins 2021

what is natural science?

study of physical features of nature and the ways they interact and change

what is basic science?

the pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake

what is applied science?

study of the natural world- relies on technology tools for testing scientific theorems

what is an example of basic science?

it is the source of most scientific theory

what is an example of applied science?

vaccines

where do basic and applied science meet?

scientific reasoning!!!!

inductive reasoning

specific to general

acronym: (ISG - In Search of 4.0 Gpa)

deductive reasoning

general to specific

acronym: (DGS- Delta Gamma Sisterhood)

general steps of the scientific method

1. Observation, 2. Question, 3. Hypothesis, 4. Experiment, 5. Data analysis, 6. Conclusion, 7. Communication/publication

why is communication in science important?

It can provide a stronger understanding of current research and its relevance to society

independent variable

what you change in an experiment

dependent variable

what is being measured

controls

experimental conditions that remain constant

hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

scientific hypothesis

can be tested by experiments or observations

what does a scientific hypothesis have to be?

falsifiable and testable

scientific theory

a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations

cell theory

A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things

what are the tenants of the cell theory?

-all living organisms are made of 1+ cells

-chemical reactions necessary for life to take place within cells

-all cells arise from preexisting cells

-cells contain hereditary info in form of DNA

gene theory

-genes are the bsic units of inheritance and are comprised of DNA

-provides the foundation for the field of genetics.

theory of heredit

-genes are passed down from parent to offspring.

-different versions of the same gene, "alleles" exist and cause variation

-mutations/crossing over during reproduction also produces variation

-an individual can pass on a trait that they do not express

emergent properties

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

what does it mean that the total is greater than the sum of its parts?

at each level of the emergent properties, we have properties that exist BECAUSE we have reached another level.

We build on our parts.

ex: an atom is simple, and part of a molecule, but a molecule is much more powerful than an atom itself.

what key functions do all life have?

-order

-sensitivity

-reproduction

-growth and reproduction

-regulation

-homeostasis

-energy processing

-evolution

diversity of life

adaptation of populations of organisms to different ways of life and environments

what is taxonomy?

the science of naming and classifying organisms

what is the natural order of life?

-atoms

0molecules

-organelles

-cells

-tissues

-organs

-organisms

-populations

-communities

-ecosystems

-biosphere

what is the organization of life through taxonomy?

-domain

-kingdom

-phylum

-class

-order

-family

-genus

-species

what does it mean to be rooted?

species diverged from a common ancestor

what does it mean to be unrooted?

not a common ancestor

which two taxa are "sister taxa"?

indicates lineages that share a branch point

what does all life share?

-the same genetic material (DNA, mRNA, tRNA)

-nearly universal genetic code (AGCT)

-same basic properties of gene expression (transcription and translation

-the same molecular building blocks (proteins made of 20 amino acids)

-presence of ribosomes

what are the 3 domains?

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

what is evolution

decent with modification (change over time)

who is darwin?

Father of evolution

what is evolution NOT?

evolution is NOT natural selection

what did Wallace do?

naturalist from Australia that proposed a similar theory of evolution and published a short essay with evidence form Australia

what did LaMarck do?

Said that environmental change leads to acquired traits

natural selection

-proposed by Darwin and Wallace

-the mechanism for evolutionary adaptation of populations to their environments.

what was first observation of population of organisms?

hereditary variations

what was second observation of population of organisms?

overproduction of offspring and competition

what is relative fitness?

The ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes

who has greater relative fitness? athlete or mother?

mother

element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

what are the common elements of life?

carbon

oxygen

hydrogen

nitrogen

(CHON)

why is carbon essential to life?

Carbon can form many complex molecules because of its valence electron arrangement

why is oxygen essential?

major component all organic compounds, important in structural and enzyme functions of cells, inorganic salts

why is hydrogen essential?

major element in all inorganic and organic compounds, water, ph and hydrogen bone

why is nitrogen essential?

key element in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, which are the most important of all biological molecules and crucial for all living things

what are effects of element imbalances?

-hypothyroidism

-hyperthyroidism

-anemia

-polycythemia vera

why is iodine essential?

essential for production of thyroid hormones, found in seawater and soil in coastal areas

hypothyroidism

develops goiters when thyroid enlarges in an effort to obtain more iodine

(iron deficiency)

hyperthyroidism

can be ingested and in essence, kill or greatly down regulate the thyroid

(iodine excess)

what is in an atom?

protons, neutrons, electrons

protons

Positively charged particles

neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

electrons

negative charge

atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

atomic number

number of protons

isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

radioactive isotopes

decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

how do we use radioactive isotopes?

Biological tracers

valance shells

outermost shell of an atom

what is valency?

The number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom which are able to be used to form bonds with other atoms.

electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

covalent polar bond

unequal sharing of electrons

(cpu)

covalent nonpolar bond

equal sharing of electrons

(CNE)

ionic bonds

the electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds

hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

van de waals interactions

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges.

water cohesion

tendency of water molecules to cling together

(co --> together like co-workers, you work together ONLY in your work, nowhere else, water only works with water)

water adhesion

water molecules stick to other kinds of substances (H bonding)

(ADD-hesion--> add water to something else, like lizard grip)

how many liters in a milliliter?

1 L = 1000 mL

how many liters in a microliter?

1l = 1000000 uL

how do you calculate pH?

pH = -log[H+]

how to calculate OH?

14 - pH =

Ph is 7?

neutral

when pH is less than 7?

acidic

when pH is more than 7?

basic

what do buffers do in pH?

substances that minimize or resist changes in pH

what do buffers consist of?

weak acid-base pair that reversibly combines with hydrogen ions

do buffers accept H+ ions from solutions when they're in excess?

yes

what is something in our body that is buffered?

blood, buffer would be carbonic acid

importance of carbon

Can bond with up to four different atoms to form chains, rings, and branches.

abundant in living organisms

How is carbon a versatile molecule?

Carbon can share electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds

hydrocarbon

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

colorless and odorless

hydrophobic regions

not dissolvable in water

hydrocarbon rings

-common in biological organisms

-benzene, found in some amino acids and cholesteral

hydrocarbon chains

formed by successive bonds between carbon atoms and may be branched or unbranched

benzene rings

6 membered ring of Carbon atoms common in aromatic hydrocarbons

dopamine

a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal

has benzene ring

isomers

Compounds with the same formula but are arranged differently.

structural isomers

different in covalent arrangement

geometric isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their double bonds.

enantiomers

-4 different groups bonded to an ASYMMETRIC CARBON

-mirror images

why are enantiomers important in pharmaceutical industry

one enantiomer will be effective, the other will not

what are examples of anantiomers?

advil, thalidomide

thalidomide

A mild tranquilizer that, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart.