Large animal-Bovine

TPR

T: 100-103

P: 40-80bpm

RR: 10-30bpm

Dental formula

2 (I 0/4, C 0/0, PM 3/3, M 3/3)=32

Digestive system compartment

4 compartment stomach

Rumen (paunch)

1st compartment

fermentation

receives food or cud from esophagus

Reticulum (honeycomb)

2nd compartment

holds mucous membrane from hexagonal cells

omasum (manyplies)

3rd compartment

Abomasum (true stomach)

4th compartment

What kind of fermenters are cows

foregut fermenters

reproductive data

polyestrus

estrous length

21 days

ovulation period

18 hours

gestation

285 days (10 months)

act of parturition

calving

Calf

newborn

heifer

young female cattle, no calf

cow

mature female cattle, with calf

bull

mature male cattle

bull calf

young male cattle

steer

castrated male

gomer

teaser male

dry cow

a cow that is not producing milk, 40 d prior to parturition

fresh cow

A cow that has recently given birth to a calf

open cow

cow that is not bred

heavy cow

Cow that is in late term pregnancy

vision

have panoramic vision of 320 degree and binocular vision of 25-50 degrees; can not see directly behind them

Fermentation

causes gas to accumulate in rumen. Cows get rid of these excess gases by process called eructation

Rumination

also called cud chewing

purpose to make more saliva, pH normal level, break down food

bovine physical exam

Hx

physical appearance

ears-quick indicator of physical well being

eyes-quick indicator of both hydration and of her emotional status

mucus

should be clear

lymph nodes

along jaw-line below ears

local block- lidocaine

lasts about 1.5-2 hours

toxicity- muscular tremors, severe depression, hypotension and occasionally convulsions

Bupivacaine

lasts 4-6 hours

Mepivacaine

lasts 2-3 hours

L block

a line block used for laparotomy (making incision in abdomen) surgery in ruminants

Paravartebral block

to create large flank anesthetic zone, skin to peritoneum

blocks T13, L1, and L2

Corneal nerve block

desensitization of horn and horn base

IV regional analgesia (bier block)

provide anesthesia to a specific limb

caudal epidural analgesia

*Commonly used in obstetrics and prolapses

*Desensitizes the anus, perineum, vulva, caudal vagina, and caudal aspects of the thighs

anesthetic risks

regurgitation, bloat, hypoventilation, compartment syndrome(increased pressure within a muscle compartment which restricts blood flow), myopathy(affecting muscle tissue), neuropathy

xylazine

alpha 2 agonist

very sensitive 1/10 dose

effects- bloat, bradycardia, respiratory depression, hyperglycemia, uterine contractions

reversal-yohimbine, tolazine

detomidine/medetomidine

alpha 2 agonist

reversal- atipemazole

anticholinergics

Atropine and

Glycopyrrolate

reduce incidence of bloat

castration

surgical excision of testicles or ovaries

better tasting meat

age: 1-4 weeks or under 3 months to minimize stress

less than a month-lateral recumbency

prolapse

falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part

3 main types: rectal, vaginal and uterine

caused by straining, constipation, diarrhea, forced delivery, breeding injury

*treat immediately

dehorning

cornuectomy

reduces injuries, cuts and bruises

should be done at 2 weeks of age for less stress and bleeding

hernias

Protrusion of a loop of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening

can be congenital

can be acquired

types- umbilical, inguinal and scrotal

small hernias resolve themselves

Fetotomy

cutting apart of a fetus to enable removal from the uterus

supernumerary teats

more than the normal number of teats

mastitis

inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue

causative agent- streptococcus agalctiae: gram positive bacteria

Test- California Mastitis test, 2 or 3 is a positive

Bloat

over-distention of rumen/reticulum with gas of fermentation

frothy bloat

caused by gas being trapped within small bubbles within the rumen causing the abdomen to become swollen and painful

Causes- grazing legume or legume-dominant pastures, grazing young green cereal crops (high carb diets)

free-gas bloat

physical obstruction that does not allow for eructation

causes- stenosis or pressure from enlargement outside the esophagus, tetanus, tumors, lesions of wall of reticulum

parturient paresis

Hypocalcemic metabolic disorder of ruminants seen in late pregnancy or early lactation; also called milk fever, postparturient hypocalcemia or eclampsia

usually occurs within 72 hours, can contribute to dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained fetal membranes, metritis, abomasal displacement and mastitis

*calcium is cardiotoxic

infectious pododermatitis

inflammation of tissues b/w toes around coronary region and in bulbs of heels

caused by bacillus necrophorus

other names- foul in the foot, foul claw, hoof rot

ketosis

metabolic disorder that occurs in cattle when energy demands (e.g. high milk production) exceed energy intake and result in a negative energy balance

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Hardware disease-

Penetration of the reticulum by a foreign body

pleuritis-manifested by fast, shallow respiration; and muffled lung sounds

pericarditis-most commonly characterized by muffled heart sounds and "washing machine" murmur

prevention-magnet

grass tetany

Magnesium deficiency

other names- grass staggers and hypomagnesemia

anaplasmosis

disease caused by a bacteria called Anaplasma marginate and anaplasma centrale which is transmitted through the bite of a tick called rickesttsial parasites

other names- yellow bag, yellow fever, tick fever and gall sickness

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD)

respiratory disease complex that occurs most often within 4 weeks after weaning

also called shipping fever

clinical signs: rapid, shallow breathing/difficulty breathing, coughing, nasal discharge, decreased appetite

causative disorders: bovine viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine respiratory synctial virus, parainfluenza type-3 virus (PI-3)

bovine pneumonia

most common bacteria found in lungs of calves with BRD

include Mannheim hemolytic and pasturella multocida

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)

pinkeye

highly contagious and infectious bacterial disease of eye in cattle

caused by Moraxella bovis

Calf diphtheria

also called necrotic laryngitis

upper respiratory disease of young cattle worldwide

caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum

neonatal diarrhea

Scours

occur under one month of age with the majority occurring b/w roughly 3-16 days of life

causes:

viruses such as rotavirus, coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea

parasites such as cryptosporidium and coccidia

bacteria such as escherichia coli, salmonella and clostridium perfringens

blackleg

highly fatal disease of young cattle caused by the spore forming, rod shaped, gas producing bacteria Clostridium chauvoei

brucellosis

also known as contagious abortion and bangs disease-caused by infection with bacterium brucella abortus

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

commonly called IBR or red nose-an acute contagious virus disease of cattle

abortion occurs about 20-45 days after infection

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

also known as BSE or mad cow disease- a progressive degenerative disease that affects to central nervous system of cattle

cause of BSE is unknown and there is no known treatment for this fatal disease

foot and mouth disease

a severe, highly transmissible disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and deer

caused by aphthovirus (7 serotypes)

lumpy jaw

also called actinomycosis

produces immovable hard swellings (periostitis) on upper and lower jawbones of cattle

caused by an anaerobic micro-organism called Actinomyces bovis

wooden tongue

an infection caused rod-shaped bacterium called Actinobacillus lignieresii which lives only in the presence of oxygen

mainly affects mature dairy breeds

the bacterial naturally live in the mouth

permanent incisors 1

erupt at 18-24 months

best position for ruminants to recover from anesthesia

sternal recumbency

scours

diarrhea in livestock

also called calf enteritis

anthrax

bacillus anthracis, a spore forming gram positive bacillus. humans are infected through skin contact, ingestion or inhalation. Flu like, interim improvement, abrupt resp. failure, shock, hemodynamic collapse and death within 24 -36 hours

NO NECROPSY

Johne's disease

- Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

- Digestive and intestinal condition that causes the intestinal wall to thicken

average pH of rumen fluid

6.5-7.5

tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

intradermal testing