AP HUG Chapter 6

Culture

All of a group´s learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects.

Cultural Trait

an individual element that a group of people commonly holds or uses

Cultural Complex

A series of interrelated traits. Process of steps and acceptable behaviors.

Culture Hearth

The area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops

Diffuse

spreading to other places

Taboos

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

Traditional Culture

traditional, folk, and indigenous cultures. Passing down long-held beliefs, values, and practices and are generally resistant to rapid changes in their culture.

Globalization

the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to a global scale

Popular Culture

cultural traits spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups

Global Cultural

Elements that can be quickly be adopted worldwide

Cultural Landscape

visible imprint of human culture on the natural or physical environment

Artifact

any tangible, physical object created, used, or modified by humans that reflects a group's values, beliefs, and behaviors singular

Material Culture

the physical, tangible objects, artifacts, and built forms that a group of people creates, uses, builds, wears, and eats

Mentifacts

the abstract, non-material parts of a culture that include a society’s central ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge singular

Nonmaterial Culture

the intangible, abstract ideas, beliefs, values, norms, and practices that a group of people creates, holds, and transmits across generations

Sociofacts

ways people organize their society and relate to one another

Placelessness

the loss of a location's unique local character and identity, making one place look and feel just like another

Built environment

the physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape

Traditional architecture

building styles, forms, and construction methods that are passed down through generations, reflect a specific culture or region, and respond to local environmental and climatic conditions

Postmodern architecture

movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding

Contemporary architecture

extension of postmodern architecture. multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height

ethnicity

membership within a group of people who have common experiences and share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, and history

Ethnic enclaves

clusters of people of the same culture — that are often surrounded by people of the dominant culture in the region

Cultural regions

characteristics such as religion, language, and ethnicity

Cultural realms

include several regions. few traits they all share such as language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, or a shared history

Sacred place

Many specific places and natural features have religious significance and are known as

Diaspora

when one group of people is dispersed to various locations

Charter Group

The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space is known as

Ethnic island

in rural areas, ethnic concentrations form ___. Their cultural imprints revolve around housing types and agricultural dwellings that reflect their heritage

Sequent occupance

ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape in a process geographers call _____

neolocalism

the process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place

Cultural patterns

consist of related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space

Nationality

based on people´s connection to a particular country

Centripetal forces

those that unify a group of people or region

Centrifugal forces

are those that divide a group of people or a region

Sharia

legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts taken from their holy book, the Qur´an

Blue laws

laws that restrict certain activities such as the sale of alcohol, on Sunday

Fundamentalism

an attempt to follow a literal interpertation of a religious faith

Theocracies

countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws

Ethnocentrism

they believe their own cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures

Cultural Relativism

the concept that a person´s or group´s beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group´s culture.

Cultural appropriation

the action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture

diffusion

the spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of culture and/or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration is called ____

Contagious Diffusion

when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people

Hierarchical diffusion

the spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from the wealth and influence

Reverse Hierarchical diffusion

a trait diffuses from a group of lower status to a group of higher status, in a process call_____

Stimulus diffusion

when an underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait

Cultural extinction

Obliteration of an entire culture by war, disease, acculturation or a combination of the three

Cultural geography

the sub-field of human geography that looks at how cultures vary over space

Cultural imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another

Syncretic

Traditions that borrow from both the past and the present

Tradition

A cohesive collection of customs within a cultural group