Lang Dev Ch. 4 | Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language & Speech

gross development

type of neurological development that concerns the main neurological structures

microdevelopment

neurological development that is the organization of main neurological structures

second

all of the brain's neurons are developed by the end of the _______ trimester

activation of the brain

_______ means "connecting" neurons with other neurons by the firing of their synapses

synaptogenesis

firing across synapses to establish synaptic "connections"

experiences

genes roughly determine where functions will be located, but the fine details are determined by a baby's _______

motor cortex

At around 2 months of age, the _______ in the frontal lobe becomes more active.

visual

The ______ cortex becomes more active at 3 months.

motor, visual

Activation of the limbic system, seat of emotion and memory follows activation of the ______ and _____ cortexes

cerebral

the ______ cortex is the last to be activated

frontal, hippocampus

During the second half of the first year, both the ______ cortex and the ______ become more active

prefrontal cortex

development of gestures appear at about 8 months when the ________ becomes more active

touch

what is the first sense to develop in utero?

pain receptors

relating to sensation, ______ are formed by the 26th week

8

a fetus is sensitive to sounds very early and will startle to both sounds and movement at ____ weeks

20

the middle and inner ears are at full adult size at _____ weeks of fetal development and are ready to function

sweet, noxious

fetuses can sense ______ and ______ tastes in amniotic fluid

false

True or False:

at birth, the auditory cortex is fully mature

true

True or False:

at birth, the middle ear is full of fluid

moderate

attention is captured most easily by ______ stimulation

selective attending

By 2 months of age an infant exhibits ________ skills and can remain unresponsive to some background stimulus events.

habituation

becoming used to a stimulus

habituation

______ enables an infant to attend to new stimuli without competition from older, less novel stimuli.

perception

________ is using both sensory information and previous knowledge to make sense of incoming stimuli.

perception

The ability to discriminate differences in incoming information is a portion of _______

birth

Visually, infants are able to perceive the somewhat blurry human face at ________ and learn to direct their attention at faces very quickly.

average

By 2 months, infants prefer an _______ face, probably because it matches an internalized concept of a face

facial differences

in terms of visual perception, by 3 months, infants can perceive _________

5, 8

children begin to perceive their own face between _____ and ______ months

7

Discernible movement begins at ____ weeks post-conception

9

isolated limb movement is evident at _____ weeks post-conception

10

Hand-to-face contact and body rotation are seen at ______ weeks post-conception

reflexes

______ are automatic, involuntary motor patterns

oral

A newborn's primary ______ reflexes allow him or her to react to things in the world while learning to control his or her body.

gag

Some reflexes help to ensure survival by protecting vital systems (such as the ______ reflex).

suck-swallow

The reflex of most interest for speech development is the rhythmic _________ pattern

6

the suck-swallow pattern is first established ____ months postconception

4

By ______ months of age, infants engage in up to 4 hours per day of nonnutritive sucking of fingers and objects and of examining their face and mouth

6

By approximately _______ months of age, an infant is able to pout and draw its lips in without moving the jaw.

8

At ______ months of age, tongue control changes gradually to include more lateral movement.

11

By ______ months, an infant has the neuromuscular control to elevate the tongue tip and to bite soft solid foods with some control.

local structure or architecture

describes differences in the number of layers of the cortex, density of cells, types of neurons, and the degree and nature of interconnectivity.

global architecture

refers to the way in which the various areas of the brain are connected together

sensitive periods

represent a time during which an infant's capabilities can be modified and perhaps enhanced.

2

The sensitive period for IQ is before age _____

16 to 18

The sensitive period for language is around ____ to ____ months

7

by about _____ months, infants can discriminate different words