PLTW

1.2

Gram Positive

Thick peptidoglycan layer, no outer membrane, exotoxins, stain color blue to violet

Gram Negative

Thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane present, endotoxins, stain color pink to red.

Nucleoid

Has chromosome, the DNA has essential cellular instructions

Plasmid

Small DNA circles, contain accessory traits such as antibiotic resistance, easily transferred

Ribosome

Protein synthesizing, target of antibiotics to stop production of bacterial proteins

Cell wall

Rigid structure containing peptidoglycan, extra protection against antibiotics

Plasma membrane

Semi permeable phospholipid bilayer that regulates internal environment, controls what comes in and out of the cell

Capsule

Gelatinous outer layer that enhances virility of pathogens (meningitis), protection from immune system

Flagella

Appendages used for movement

Pilli

External structures used for attachment, sex pilus for conjugation

Cytoplasm

Internal fluid where ribosome, nucleoid and plasmids are

B-Lactam antibiotics

Penicillins, target cell wall, inhibit enzymes which weakens cell wall, gram +

Lysis

Cell bursts

Tetracyclines

Target the ribosomes to stop protein synthesis, broad spectrum, antibiotics, both gram - and +

Fluoroquinolones

Target DNA by interfering with an enzyme responsible for parts of DNA replication, both gram - and +

Sulfonamides

Target metabolic pathway for folic acid synthesis,required for DNA and RNA synthesis, wide spectrum, both gram - and + bacteria

Bactericidal

Actively kill bacteria- b lactam

Bacteriostatic

Stop growth

Kirby Bauer test

Zone of inhibition, large means bacteria are susceptible, small means resistance

Biological mechanism of resistance

Mutation, destruction/inactivation, efflux

Mutation

Random change in DNA altering the antibiotics target, antibiotic ineffective

Destruction

Enzymes chemically break down the antibiotic

Efflux

Efflux pump expels antibiotics from the cell before it can cause damage

Horizontal gene transfer

Fast adaption, no offspring, conjugation, transformation, transduction

Conjugation

Direct transfer of plasmid through sex pilus

Transformation

Takes up naked DNA from environment

Transduction

DNA carried through bacterial viruses-bacteriophage

Strain 1

Str resistant, on chromosome

Strain 2

Amp resistant, resistance on plasmid