Chapter 3/4 : composition of substances and solutions / stoichiometry of chemical reactions

solute

component present in smaller amount

solvent

component present in greater amount

aqueous solution

a solution where water is the dissolving medium (the solvent)

precipitation reaction

2 soluble ionic compounds react to produce a new solid

acid base neutralization

Acid and base react and the acid is neutralized (acids lose H+ ions, bases produce OH- ions)

oxidation-reduction/redox reactions

reaction changes oxidation state/electron exchange happens (combination, decomposition, combustion, single-replacement reactions)

acid

a substance that releases H+ when dissolved in water

monoprotic acid

acids that are able to release only one H+ per molecule during neutralization reactions (e.g. HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3,HClO4)

polyprotic acid

acids that are able to release more than one H+ per molecule during neutralization reactions (e.g. H₂SO_4, H₂CO_3, H₃PO₄)

base

a substance that releases OH^- when dissolved in water (e.g. NaOH, Ca(OH)₂,etc.)

equation for acid base neutralization

HX_(aq)+ MOH_(aq) ——→ H₂O_(l) + MX_(?)

_{acid + base ————> water + salt}

equation for acid base neutralization WITH gas formation

HX_(aq)+ MCO_3(s) ——→ H₂O_(l) + CO₂(g) + MX_(?)

_{acid + base ——> water + carbon dioxide + salt}

HX_(aq)+ MHCO_3(s) ——→ H₂O_(l) + CO₂(g) + MX_(?)

_{acid + base ——> water + carbon dioxide + salt}

acid base reactions with gas formation

when the base contains carbonate ion (CO₃^2-) or hydrogen carbonate (HCO₃^-), then the products of the acid base reaction are a salt and H₂CO_3(aq) which breaks down into water and carbon dioxide gas.

show H₂CO_3(aq) as H₂O_(l) + CO₂(g)

bronsted-lowry acid

a substance that donates a proton (H⁺) a proton donor

bronsted-lowry base

a substance that accepts a proton (H⁺ ) - i.e, a proton acceptor

conjugate acid-base pairs

an acid and base differing only by the presence of a H⁺

Ex:

HA_(aq) + H₂O_{(l) ←—→} H₃O⁺_(aq) + A^-_(aq)