Chapter 7 - Electrolytes
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161 Terms
What are fluids
Substances composed of freely moving molecules that conform to the shape of their container
How is body fluid divided
Two-thirds is intracellular fluid and one-third is extracellular fluid
What is intracellular fluid
Fluid located inside cells
What is extracellular fluid
Fluid located outside cells
What is tissue fluid
Interstitial fluid found between cells within tissues and organs
What is intravascular fluid
Fluid found within blood and lymphatic vessels
What is plasma
The fluid portion of blood that carries blood cells and proteins
What factors affect body fluid composition
Tissue type gender and age
How does tissue type affect fluid content
Lean tissues contain more fluid than fat tissues
How much fluid is muscle by weight
More than 70 percent
How much fluid is fat by weight
About 10 to 20 percent
Why do males generally have more body fluid
Males have more lean tissue than females
Why does body fluid decrease with age
Lean tissue is lost with age and body fluid is lost with it
What is blood volume
The amount of fluid in the blood
What can increased blood volume cause
Increased blood pressure or hypertension
What can decreased blood volume cause
Low blood pressure
How do fluids help maintain body temperature
Water has a high heat capacity that keeps body fluid temperature stable
How does sweating cool the body
Evaporation of water from the skin cools the skin and blood
How does cerebrospinal fluid protect the body
It protects the brain and spinal column
How does amniotic fluid help the body
It protects the fetus
What is the function of synovial fluid
It lubricates the joints
How do digestive secretions help
They allow easy passage of material
What is the function of pleural fluid
It allows friction-free expansion and retraction of the lungs
Why is water an excellent solvent
It can dissolve many different substances
What are solutes
Dissolved materials such as ions carbohydrates amino acids vitamins and mineral salts
What are electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into positive or negative charges and carry electrical current
What are examples of electrolytes
Sodium potassium chloride phosphorus calcium and magnesium
Which electrolytes predominate inside cells
K plus and HPO4 2 minus
Which electrolytes predominate outside cells
Na plus and Cl minus
What is osmosis
Movement of water toward areas with a higher electrolyte concentration
How do electrolytes regulate fluid balance
Water follows electrolytes by osmosis
What happens when electrolyte concentration is higher inside a cell
Water moves into the cell and it can burst
What happens when electrolyte concentration is higher outside a cell
Water moves out of the cell and it can dry up
How do electrolytes help nerves
Sodium and potassium movement changes membrane charge and carries nerve impulses
How do electrolytes help muscles
Calcium movement into muscle cells stimulates contraction
What happens to calcium after muscle contraction
Calcium is pumped back out of the cell
Where is the thirst mechanism located
In a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus
What stimulates thirst
Increased blood sodium reduced blood volume and blood pressure and dry mouth and throat
At what water loss is thirst triggered
About 1 to 2 percent body water loss
Why should fluids be consumed regularly
Thirst may not cause enough drinking to restore fluid balance
How is water lost from the body
Through urine sweat evaporation exhalation and feces
How is water gained by the body
Through beverages, food, and metabolic reactions
How much water does metabolic water provide
About 10 to 14 percent of the body's water needs
What is sensible water loss
Water loss through urine and sweat
Where is most water lost
Through urine
How do the kidneys regulate water loss
They control how much water is reabsorbed and excrete excess water as urine
What is insensible water loss
Water lost through skin evaporation lung exhalation and feces
What illnesses can cause fluid loss
Fever coughing vomiting diarrhea and a runny nose
What other conditions can cause fluid loss
Injury, internal bleeding, blood donation, surgery, exercise, environmental conditions, pregnancy, and breastfeeding
How do diuretics affect fluid loss
They increase fluid loss through urine
Why is water essential
It is required for life fluid balance electrolyte balance and many metabolic reactions
Why must water be replaced continuously
The body has no storage capacity for water
What is the DRI for total water in adult men ages 19 to 50
3.7 L per day
How much of the male water DRI comes from beverages
3.0 L per day
How much of the male water DRI comes from food
0.7 L per day
What is the DRI for total water in adult women ages 19 to 50
2.7 L per day
How much of the female water DRI comes from beverages
2.2 L per day
How much of the female water DRI comes from food
0.5 L per day
Why do water needs vary
Fluid needs are highly individualized and vary with environment and activity
What is surface water
Water from lakes rivers and reservoirs
What is groundwater
Water from underground rock formations called aquifers
What is hard water
Water that is relatively high in calcium
Who regulates public water systems
The EPA sets and monitors standards for public water systems
Who regulates bottled water
The FDA regulates bottled water
What can overhydration cause
Dilution of sodium in the blood called hyponatremia
Who is especially vulnerable to dehydration
Infants and elderly people
What nutrients does low-fat and skim milk provide
Protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and usually vitamin A
What is the effect of moderate caffeine consumption
It is considered safe and potentially healthful
Which beverages are often high in added sugars
Soft drinks juice drinks flavored waters and bottled tea and coffee drinks
Why are designer waters a concern
They can add more than 300 Calories and rarely improve health
Why can energy drinks be concerning
They can contain high caffeine and added sugar and raise blood pressure and heart rate
Who may benefit from sports drinks and coconut water
People exercising or doing vigorous manual labor for 60 minutes or more
What are the functions of sodium
Fluid balance blood pressure and pH nerve impulses and nutrient transport
What is the required sodium intake per day
1.5 g per day
What is the recommended sodium limit
No more than 2.3 g per day
What foods are generally high in sodium
Processed foods and restaurant foods
What is hypernatremia
An abnormally high blood sodium concentration
What can hypernatremia cause
High blood volume edema and high blood pressure
What is hyponatremia
An abnormally low blood sodium level
What can cause hyponatremia
Prolonged vomiting diarrhea sweating or excessive water intake without replacing sodium
What are the functions of potassium
Fluid balance muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission
How does potassium affect blood pressure
High potassium intake helps maintain lower blood pressure
What is the recommended potassium intake
4.7 g per day
What foods are good potassium sources
Fresh fruits vegetables and whole grains
What is hyperkalemia
A high blood potassium level
What can hyperkalemia do
Alter normal heart rhythm and potentially result in a heart attack
What is hypokalemia
A low blood potassium level
What can cause hypokalemia
Kidney disease diabetic acidosis and certain diuretic medications
What are the functions of chloride
Fluid balance immune function and formation of stomach HCl
What is the minimum chloride recommendation
2.3 g per day
What can excessive chloride intake cause
Hypertension in salt-sensitive patients
When can chloride deficiency occur
It is rare but can occur in people with eating disorders
What is phosphorus
The major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte
What is phosphorus's role in fluid balance
It is required for fluid balance
What percentage of body phosphorus is found in bone
About 85 percent
What is phosphorus's role in enzymes
It regulates biochemical pathways by activating or deactivating enzymes
What cellular structures contain phosphorus
Cell membranes ATP DNA and RNA
What is the phosphorus RDA
700 mg per day
What foods are high in phosphorus
Protein foods such as meat milk and eggs
What can cause high blood phosphorus
Kidney disease or too many vitamin D supplements