MWC Midterm Vocab & Key Terms from Lecture

from notes

The 2 Pillars of Western Civilization

Greece, Rome

What does Arete mean, and from where does it hail?

It is a Greek word essentially emphasizing relentless strive for perfection.

Difference between Greek and Roman art?

Greek art is perfectionist, Roman art is practical

What is the longest lasting form of civilization?

Republic

Difference between a republic and a democracy?

A republic has leaders that are set and more specialized than average people.

Jus civis vs Jus Gentum

Jus civis is laws regarding roman citizens (laws for us), Jus gentum is laws for gentiles (laws for them).

List three difference between medieval and modern ways of life.

Refer to chart in notes to confirm answer.

When did the Renaissance take place?

Circa 1300-1600

Renaissance Humanism

Movement during Renaissance reviving antiquity in literature and focusing on greek & roman texts

List at least 2 Early Renaissance Humanists

Petrarch, Bruni, Mirandola, Castiglione, Machiavelli

Father of the Renaissance

Petrarch

Coined use of the term ‘Humanism’

Bruni

Machiavelli’s Belief

People should fear leaders

The 2 Time Periods of the Renaissance and their years

Early Renaissance (1300-1450), Late (High) Renaissance (1450-1550)

‘Quattrocento’

Italian term for 14th century, characteristic of the early renaissance

Phase of the Renaissance in which Artists start to become famous

Early Renaissance

Characteristic of Early Renaissance art

Realistic

Characteristic of Late Renaissance art

Extreme emotional responses

Who are the 2 prominent turtles?

Leonardo da Vinci & Michelangelo Buonarotti

Phase of the Renaissance with 2 turtles

Late/High Renaissance

Leonardo Da Vinci roles

Painter, sculptor, craftsman, inventor, engineer, botanist, scientist, architect

Two famous Da Vinci paintings

Mona Lisa, the Last Supper

Michelangelo’s roles

Sculptor, painter, architect, poet

Michelangelo is known for

Sistine Chapel ceiling

Characteristics of the Northern Renaissance

Conforming to Catholic teachings until Luther, more influenced by medieval style, mainly focused on writers. Saw religion as equally important to past

Most famous writer from the Northern Renaissance

Shakespeare

Printing Press helped spread this

Bible

Consequences of the Printing Press

More bibles are available, fewer errors, more easily read, political pamphlets

Age of Exploration Years?

1400-1700

1 Cause for Age of Exploration

Desire for asian goods, trade routes and need to control them, and the 3 G’s (Gold, Glory, Gospel)

Two important inventions from Age of Exploration

Compass, Astrolabe

Commenda

Contract between a merchant/prince and an adventurer/entrepreneur for services at up to 1/3 profit.

Most famous Commenda

Columbus Commenda from Queen Isabella of Spain

Examples of Commendas

Delivery, mercenary act (ship for hire)

Leading Countries during 1st phase (1400-1600) of Age of Exploration

Portugal, Spain

Portuguese sailors are excellent

Navigators

Famous Portuguese Explorers

Prince Henry ‘Navigator’, Dias, Vasco de Gama

Conquistadore that conquered Aztecs in 1520

Hernan Cortes

Discovered that the new world was a new continent

Amerigo Vespucci

Name at least 3 consequences of contact with the new world

Geographical knowledge, food stuffs/staples (corn, tobacco, coffee, potatoes, tea, etc), Triangular Trade (specific trade routes), Slavery, Disease, Inflation (Great Inflation of 1500), Economical shift from crude mercantilism to nascent capitalism, cultural diffusion.

Causes of the Reformation

Corruption of the Church (indulgences), Humanism (words matter), Declining prestige of Papacy (great schism), Critics of the church, Politics (prince vs pope), Economic (Church seen as too wealthy)

Martin Luther

An augustinian monk and teacher that created the Protestant Movement. ‘95 Theses’ 10/31/1517. Active 1483-1546.

Fundamental Beliefs of Lutheranism

’Sola fide’ - Salvation by faith alone, ‘Sola Scriptura’ - Bible is the ultimate authority. Belief that women need education to be good wives and mothers.

John Calvin

priest that formed virtual protestant sect ‘Calvinism’ theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland without separation of church and state. Gave birth to ‘Calvinism’, places emphasis on ‘predestination’ and ‘the elect’, spread across europe and even to pilgrims in america.

Fundamental belief of Calvinism

’Predestiantion’ ‘Chosen’ ‘The Elect’

Did Calvinism or Lutheranism have a greater impact on daily life and politics?

Calvinism

Protestant Ethic

Obliged to live upright and moral, thrifty, hard work, little leisure activity.

Henry VIII

k. 1509-1547, established the church of England, had many wives

What was the defining reason for Henry VIII’s establishment of the church of england?

divorce from Catherine of Aragon not granted by Pope

Henry VIII’s wives

First - Catherine of Aragon (spain), second Anne Boleyn

Catholic response to reformation

Church hesitant to act (40 years), called Council of Trent (1545-1563) that basically reinforced Catholicism and rejected reformation values.

Peasant’s Revolt

First religious war in Europe during this period, 1524-25.

War of the League of Schmalkald

1546-55. Second religious war in Europe during this period.

Who is Bloody Mary?

daughter of Catherine of Aragon & Henry VIII, became Mary I, leader of England from 1553-58. Restored Catholicism in England and prosecuted Protestants, earning her nickname.

East Orthodox

Branch of Christianity founded in 1054 that was the first non-Roman Catholic religion in Europe.

Peace of Augsburg & where

A 1555 treaty that allowed German princes to choose either Catholicism or Protestantism for their states. South germany, Bavaria. Resolved War of the League of Schmalkald.

Wars of Philip II

1566-98. 1571 Battle of Leparts, various interventions across Europe and mediterranean. Planned to invade England in 1588

Philip II

main military backing of Catholicism. Spain.

Battle of Leparts

1571 Decisive sea battle between Turks and Spain that Spain emerged victorious in. Stopped the spread of the Turks.

St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre

1572 Catholics lured to wedding in Paris and then massacred. Thousands of Huguenots killed. Driven by Catherine de Medici.

Huguenot

French Calvinist.

Played a driving role in St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

1572 Catherine de Medici

First Politique

Henry IV of France (Henry of Navarre k.1598-1610). Father of Louis XIII, strong ruler, beginning of french absolutism.

Politique

Politically moderate french political movement, bridging gap between catholicism and protestantism. Also refers to a leader that puts their country or country’s religion before themselves.

Philip II

Spanish ruler 1556-1598. Most powerful man in the world, son of Charles V. Began the financial disaster of Spain.

Philip III

Spanish ruler 1598-1621. Son of Philip II. Propagated bankruptcy in Spain via excessive foreign conflicts. Did not see military success.

Philip IV

Spanish ruler 1621-1665. Son of Philip III, propagated bankruptcy in Spain via excessive foreign conflicts. Did not see military success.

Reasons for Spanish Decline circa 1600?

Catholic Chauvinism (only catholicism is acceptable), inflationary prices, excessive taxation, massive debt, entanglement in foreign wars, anti-capitalist mentality.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England 1558-1603, Last Tudor. No french and spanish blood. ‘Virgin Queen’. Politique. Country before self. Ushered in era of peace and prosperity for England. Shakespearean Age.

Shakespearean Age is

Elizabethan Age

Foreign Policy of Elizabeth I

Protect and preserve independent & protestant England, build up navy, support protestant causes that weaken Spain & France.

Thirty Years War

1618-1648. Series of battles between catholics and protestants due to failure of Peace of Augsburg. German civil war. 4 Phases

4 Phases of Thirty Years War

Bohemian (1618-1625), Danish (1625-1629), Swedish (1630-1635), Swedish-French (1635-1648)

Bohemian Phase of 30 Years War

1618-1625. Defenestration of Prague 1618, catholic victory, Bohemia temp catholic againD

Danish Phase of 30 Years War

1625-1629. Catholic victory again, Edict of Restitution in 1629, Lutherans insulted. Turning point in 30 years war.

Swedish Phase of 30 Years War

1630-1635. Led by Gustavus Adolphus (ideal lutheran prince), protestant unified and victorious.

Swedish-French Phase of 30 Years War

1635-1648. Decisive protestant victory of the war. Led to 1648 Treaties of Westphalia.

Treaties of Westphalia

1648, treaty ending 30 Years War with a decisive protestant victory over HRE. Tolerated private worship, ruler determines religion of the state, and calvinists are treated the same as lutherans. Ended over 100 years of religious war. Germany left shattered by war.

Nation State

Idea emerging from Treaties of Westphalia for the first time. Unified country, not just regions.

James I

k. 1603-1625 England. Stuart, King James Bible 1611.

King James Bible 1611

Commissioned by King James, Bible translated so that English speakers could understand.

Charles I

k. 1625-1649 England. Heavy taxes for ship money. Marries french noblewoman, Puriitan exodus to New England accelerates. Executed.

1628 Petition of Right

English Parliament reaffirms taxes are by consent of Parliament only and refusal of quartering in Peacetime. Right of ‘habeas corpus’ aka right to a trial.

2 sides of the English Civil War

1642-1646. Cavaliers (support king), Roundheads (support parliament).

English Civil War

1642-1648. War fought between Cavaliers (supporters of the king’s ultimate authority) and Roundheads (Supporters of Parliament’s ultimate authority)

Oliver Cromwell

1599-1658. Pious Puritan. ‘Providentialism’ - if it happens, god wills it. Subjugated Ireland 1649 vis-a-vis plantations.

Navigation Acts

1651, Trade war from English (oliver cromwell) to Dutch. Impacted American colonies too.

14th Century Dutch Civilization

Very bourgeoise. Growing nationality, most rich and entrepreneurial country in Europe. Calvinist majority, but thriving minorities due to tolerance. Nation state. Capitalist.

Key Dutch Dudes

Hugo Grotius, Baruch Spinoza, Anton Leeuwenhoek, Christian Huygens, Jan Vermeer, Remembrandt van Rijn.

Hugo Grotious

Key Dutch Dude, Law of War & peace (intl law)

Baruch Spinoza

Key Dutch Dude, skeptic agnostic philosopher

Anton Leeuwenhoek

Key Dutch Dude, scientist, microscope.

Christian Huygens

Key Dutch Dude, scientist, telescope & wave theory of light

Jan Vermeer

1632-1673. Key Dutch Dude, painter. Still lifes.

Remembrandt van Rijn

1606-1669. Key Dutch dude, painter, emotions, shading, thought & drama

Dutch Shipping

circa 1600, dominated northern european trade. ‘Fedex’ of the time.

Bank of Amsterdam

1609, established Netherlands as financial center of Europe and currency as reserve currency.

Noblesse Oblige

Dutch noble idea that nobility have an obligation ‘to whom much is given, much is expected”

Netherlands is capitalist

True

Birthplace of Mercantilism

France