Mental Health Nursing: Eating Disorders, Anxiety, Trauma, Personality, and Substance Use Disorders

Comprehensive vocabulary review flashcards covering Eating Disorders, Anxiety Disorders & OCD, Trauma & Stress-Related Disorders, Personality Disorders, and Substance Use Disorders from Mental Health Nursing.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height (less than $85\%$ of that expected), accompanied by an intense fear of gaining weight, severe dietary restriction or starvation, and a distorted perception of body shape.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by recurrent episodes of binge eating with an inability to stop or control food intake, followed by compensatory purging behaviors (self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas) or non-purging behaviors (fasting, excessive exercise), typically occurring in individuals maintaining normal body weight.

Russell's Sign

Calluses, abrasions, or scarring located over the knuckles and dorsal aspect of the hand caused by repeated contact with the incisors during self-induced vomiting.

Sialadenosis

Benign, painless, non-inflammatory enlargement of the salivary glands (prominently the parotid glands, colloquially referred to as "chipmunk cheeks") resulting from persistent vomiting and purging behaviors.

Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate (Vyvanse)

A central nervous system stimulant medication originally approved for ADHD that is the first pharmaceutical agent approved by the U.S. FDA to treat moderate to severe binge-eating disorder in adults.

Refeeding Syndrome

A potentially fatal complication that occurs when reintroducing nutrition to an individual with severe malnutrition ($\ge 10\%$ weight loss), wherein the shift from catabolizing body fat and protein to metabolizing carbohydrates induces massive intracellular shifts and depletion of potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

Anxiety

A subjective emotional response to an external stressor characterized by feelings of discomfort, apprehension, or dread regarding anticipation of danger, distinguished from fear, which is a cognitive appraisal process.

Panic Attack

A sudden, discrete period of intense fear or discomfort whose symptoms develop abruptly, peak within $10$ minutes, and typically last approximately $30$ minutes, accompanied by palpitations, sweating, trembling, chest pain, and fear of losing control or dying.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) occurring more days than not for at least $6$ months about multiple events or activities, which the individual finds difficult to control.

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder involving marked fear or avoidance of places or situations (such as public transit, open spaces, enclosed shops, or standing in lines) from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable during panic-like symptoms.

Acrophobia

Fear of heights

Ailurophobia

Fear of cats

Arachnophobia

Fear of Spiders

Astraphobia

Fear of lightening

Belonephobia

Fear of needles

Brontophobia

Fear of Thunder

Cynophobia

Fear of dogs

Flumazenil (Romazicon)

A benzodiazepine receptor antagonist indicated as the reversal antidote for benzodiazepine toxicity or overdose, which must be avoided in patients with a history of seizure disorders as it may precipitate seizures. May cause NMS, seizures, suicidal thoughts, QT interval prolongation, dry mouth, sexual dysfunction, and hyponatremia.

Sertraline (Zoloft)

An SSRI antidepressant used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. May cause serotonin syndrome, suicidal thoughts, hyperglycemia, pharyngitis, rhinitis, tinnitus, dry mouth, altered taste, sexual dysfunction, urinary frequency.

Paroxetine (Paxil)

An SSRI antidepressant used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD by enhancing serotonin activity. It may cause withdrawal symptoms, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and increased risk of suicidal thoughts. May cause NMS, serotonin syndrome, SJS, suicidal thoughts, hypertension, tachycardia, dry mouth, decreased libido, taste disturbances, infertility, and urinary frequency

Lorazepam (Ativan)

A benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety disorders, insomnia, and seizures; it works by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called GABA. Its antidote is flumazenil (Romazicon). AEs may include respiratory depression, hypotension, and bradycardia

Alprazolam (Xanax)

A benzodiazepine primarily used to manage anxiety and panic disorders by enhancing the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter. It can lead to dependence and has potential side effects, including sedation and dizziness. Flumazenil (Romazicon) is the antidote. Monitor CBC for decreased hematocrit and neutropenia.

Clonazepam (Klonopin)

A benzodiazepine indicated for the treatment of panic disorder and seizures, acting by enhancing GABA receptor activity. It may cause suicidal thoughts, increased respiratory secretions, urinary retention, and hepatitis with flumazenil (Romazicon) as the antidote. Monitor CBC and LFT

Obsessions

Recurrent, intrusive, and stressful thoughts, impulses, or mental images that are experienced as inappropriate and cannot be expunged by logic or reasoning.

Compulsions

Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors or mental acts performed systematically in response to an obsession to prevent or alleviate distress or prevent a dreaded event.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

An obsessive-compulsive related disorder characterized by an exaggerated, distressful belief that one's physical body or appearance is deformed, defective, or flawed, out of proportion to any actual minor defect.

Trichotillomania

A hair-pulling disorder characterized by the recurrent pulling out of one's own hair resulting in noticeable hair loss, preceded by rising tension and followed by a sense of release or gratification.

Hoarding Disorder

A disorder characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions regardless of their actual value, often accompanied by the excessive acquisition of items and resulting in functional living space impairment.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A clinical syndrome resulting from exposure to an extreme traumatic event outside the normal range of human experience, manifested by intrusive reexperiencing, sustained hyperarousal, avoidance, emotional numbing, nightmares, and flashbacks lasting longer than $1$ month.

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

A traumatic stress reaction with symptoms similar to PTSD that occurs after experiencing or witnessing an extreme trauma, with symptom duration time-limited to up to $1$ month following the traumatic event.

Adjustment Disorder

A maladaptive psychological reaction to an identifiable psychosocial stressor resulting in clinically significant emotional or behavioral symptoms, developing within $3$ months of stressor onset and lasting no longer than $6$ months after termination of the stressor.

Trauma-Informed Care

A healthcare framework and philosophical approach that realizes the widespread impact of trauma, recognizes signs and symptoms in clients, integrates recovery pathways, and actively seeks to resist retraumatization.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A DSM-5 diagnostic category of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behavior, consisting of Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A Cluster A personality disorder marked by pervasive, unfounded distrust and suspiciousness of others, interpreting motives as malevolent, hypervigilance, and bearing persistent grudges without co-occurring thought disorders.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A Cluster A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships, preference for solitary activities, restricted emotional affect, and lack of interest in close or sexual partnerships.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A Cluster A personality disorder characterized by acute discomfort with close personal relationships, cognitive and perceptual distortions, eccentric speech, magical thinking, and ideas of reference.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A Cluster B personality disorder diagnosed at age $18$ or older (with evidence of Conduct Disorder before age $15$) manifested by persistent disregard for and violation of the rights of others, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggression, and complete lack of remorse.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A Cluster B personality disorder characterized by pervasive instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment, extreme splitting (idealization and devaluation), marked impulsivity, and recurrent suicidal or self-harming behavior.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A Cluster B personality disorder characterized by pervasive attention-seeking behaviors, dramatic or theatrical emotionality, discomfort when not the center of attention, inappropriate sexually seductive behavior, and shallow, rapidly shifting expressions of emotion.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A Cluster B personality disorder characterized by grandiosity, preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, an excessive need for admiration, a pervasive sense of entitlement, exploitative interpersonal behavior, and an absence of empathy.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

A DSM-5 category of personality disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behavior, encompassing Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A Cluster C personality disorder characterized by pervasive social inhibition, intense feelings of personal inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, criticism, or rejection.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A Cluster C personality disorder marked by a pervasive and excessive psychological need to be cared for, leading to submissive, clinging behaviors, difficulty initiating projects or making independent decisions, and intense fears of separation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

A Cluster C personality disorder marked by an inflexible preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, rules, schedules, and mental control at the expense of efficiency and flexibility, distinct from OCD.

Tolerance

A state of neuroadaptation resulting from repeated substance exposure wherein markedly increased amounts of the substance are required to achieve intoxication or the desired physiological effect.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A chronic, debilitating neuropsychiatric memory disorder caused by a severe nutritional deficiency of thiamine (vitamin $B_1$) secondary to chronic alcohol use, producing psychosis, confabulation, and ataxia.

Banana Bag

An intravenous fluid formulation administered during acute alcohol detoxification to correct nutritional deficiencies, composed of thiamine ($100\,mg$), folic acid ($1\,mg$), magnesium ($1\text{ to }2\,g$), and multivitamins infused in $1\,L$ of normal saline or dextrose.

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

An alcohol antagonist medication that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing severe adverse symptoms (flushing, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, headache) upon ethanol exposure, requiring abstention from alcohol-containing items for up to $2$ weeks post-therapy.

CIWA-Ar

The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol, Revised; a standardized $10$-item instrument with a maximum score of $67$ used to evaluate alcohol withdrawal severity and guide symptom-triggered benzodiazepine administration.

Mydriasis (Pupillary Dilation)

Abnormal pupillary enlargement characteristically observed during stimulant intoxication (such as cocaine or amphetamines) and hallucinogen use.

Miosis (Pinpoint Pupils)

Marked pupillary constriction that serves as a hallmark clinical sign of opioid intoxication or life-threatening opioid overdose.

Naloxone (Narcan)

A fast-acting opioid receptor antagonist administered emergently to displace opioids, reverse life-threatening central nervous system depression, and restore respiratory drive in opioid overdose.

Codependence

A maladaptive behavioral dynamic in which family members or close acquaintances enable an individual's substance misuse or destructive habits under the guise of helping, thereby perpetuating the addiction cycle.