Thema 1: Combustion and Respiration (Verbranding en Ademhaling)

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering combustion, the human respiratory system, breathing mechanisms, lung health, and cellular metabolism from Thema 1: Verbranding en Ademhaling.

Combustion (Verbranding)

A chemical reaction requiring fuel and oxygen that produces water, carbon dioxide, and energy: $\text{fuel} + \text{oxygen} \rightarrow \text{water} + \text{carbon dioxide} + \text{energy}$.

Glucose

The primary, most commonly used fuel in cells; an energy-rich substance that is continuously broken down in all living cells to release energy for movement and heat.

Physiological Response to Physical Exertion

During increased physical exertion, the body requires more energy, leading to increased combustion: breathing accelerates to absorb more oxygen, the heart beats faster to transport fuel and oxygen to the cells and carry away carbon dioxide, and more heat is released.

Human Respiratory System

The organ system responsible for breathing, comprising the nasal cavity (neusholte), oral cavity (mondholte), pharynx (keelholte), uvula (huig), epiglottis (strotklepje), larynx (strottenhoofd), trachea (luchtpijp), bronchi, and alveoli (longblaasjes).

Nasal Mucosa (Neusslijmvlies)

The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity; it contains mucus that traps pathogens and small dust particles, and cilia that transport the mucus toward the pharynx.

Nasal Hairs (Neusharen)

Hairs located inside the nasal cavity that prevent large dust particles from entering the respiratory tract.

Cilia (Trilharen)

Microscopic hair-like projections on the nasal mucosa that move dust- and pathogen-laden mucus toward the pharynx (keelholte).

Uvula (Huig)

A structure located in the pharynx that closes off the nasal cavity during swallowing.

Epiglottis (Strotklepje)

A cartilaginous flap in the pharynx that closes off the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway.

Cartilage Rings (Kraakbeenringen)

C-shaped or circular rings embedded in the walls of the trachea and bronchi that provide structural reinforcement to keep the airways continuously open.

Nose Breathing (Neusademhaling)

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth; it is healthier because the nasal mucosa warms and moistens the air, nasal hairs and mucus filter pathogens and dust, and the olfactory organ detects harmful substances.

Alveoli (Longblaasjes)

Microscopic air sacs located at the ends of the smallest bronchial branches where rapid gas exchange occurs due to their very thin walls and large combined surface area.

Gas Exchange (Gaswisseling)

The process occurring in the alveoli where oxygen from inhaled air is absorbed into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide from the blood is released into the lungs to be exhaled.

Inhaled vs. Exhaled Air

Inhaled air contains low carbon dioxide, low water vapor, and high oxygen; exhaled air contains high carbon dioxide, high water vapor, and low oxygen.

Chest Breathing (Borstademhaling)

Breathing accomplished by moving the ribs and breastbone: inhalation moves them upward (chest cavity and lungs enlarge, air flows inward), whereas exhalation moves them downward (chest cavity and lungs shrink, air flows outward).

Abdominal Breathing (Buikademhaling)

Breathing driven by the diaphragm (middenrif): during inhalation, the diaphragm moves downward and the abdominal wall pushes forward; during exhalation, the diaphragm moves upward and the abdominal wall pulls back.

Smog

A form of air pollution consisting primarily of particulate matter (fijnstof); heavy outdoor exercise should be avoided during periods of high smog.

Ventilation

The circulation of fresh air in indoor spaces; poor ventilation causes fatigue, headache, loss of concentration, and facilitates the transmission of bacteria and viruses.

Carbon Monoxide (Koolstofmonoxide)

A dangerous, toxic gas produced by incomplete combustion when insufficient oxygen is present; it enters the bloodstream rapidly and can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning.

Photosynthesis (Fotosynthese)

The metabolic process in chloroplasts (bladgroenkorrels) that captures energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen: $\text{water} + \text{carbon dioxide} + \text{energy} \rightarrow \text{glucose} + \text{oxygen}$.

Mitochondria (Mitochondriën)

Cellular organelles in which the combustion of glucose occurs: $\text{glucose} + \text{oxygen} \rightarrow \text{water} + \text{carbon dioxide} + \text{energy}$, releasing stored energy required for cellular metabolism.

Combustion (Verbranding)

A process requiring fuel and oxygen that produces water, carbon dioxide, and energy: $\text{brandstof} + \text{zuurstof} \rightarrow \text{water} + \text{koolstofdioxide} + \text{energie}$.

Glucose

The primary fuel used in cells that continuously undergoes combustion to release energy for movement and heat.

Physical Exertion and Respiration

The physiological state where increased energy demand causes faster combustion, requiring more fuel and oxygen, leading to faster breathing, a faster heart rate, and more heat release.

Respiratory System Anatomy

The organs of the respiratory system consisting of the nasal cavity (neusholte), uvula (huig), oral cavity (mondholte), pharynx (keelholte), epiglottis (strotklepje), larynx (strottenhoofd), trachea (luchtpijp), bronchus (bronchie), and alveoli (longblaasjes).

Nasal Hairs (Neusharen)

Hairs inside the nasal cavity that trap and stop large dust particles from entering the airways.

Nasal Mucosa (Neusslijmvlies)

The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity; its mucus traps pathogens and small dust particles, while its cilia (trilharen) transport the mucus toward the pharynx.

Uvula (Huig)

A flap located in the pharynx (keelholte) that functions to close off the nasal cavity during swallowing.

Epiglottis (Strotklepje)

A cartilaginous structure in the pharynx (keelholte) that closes off the trachea (luchtpijp) during swallowing.

Cartilage Rings (Kraakbeenringen)

C-shaped structural supports located in the walls of the trachea and bronchi that keep these airway passages open.

Bronchi (Bronchiën)

The branched extensions of the trachea reinforced with cartilage rings that divide into progressively smaller tubules ending at the alveoli.

Nose Breathing (Neusademhaling)

A healthier form of breathing than mouth breathing because the nasal mucosa warms and moistens incoming air, traps dust and pathogens, and the olfactory organ detects harmful airborne substances.

Gas Exchange (Gaswisseling)

The process taking place in the alveoli where oxygen from inhaled air is taken up into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood is released into the air.

Alveolar Adaptations for Gas Exchange

Two specific structural features that enable rapid gas exchange in the lungs: a large collective surface area and very thin alveolar walls.

Inhaled vs. Exhaled Air

Inhaled air contains low carbon dioxide, low water vapor, and high oxygen; exhaled air contains high carbon dioxide, high water vapor, and low oxygen.

Chest Breathing (Borstademhaling)

Breathing driven by the ribs and breastbone: during inhalation, they move up, expanding the chest cavity and lungs so air enters; during exhalation, they move down, reducing chest volume so air exits.

Abdominal Breathing (Buikademhaling)

Breathing driven by the diaphragm: during inhalation, the diaphragm moves down and the abdominal wall moves forward; during exhalation, the diaphragm moves up and the abdominal wall retracts.

Smog

Air pollution predominantly made up of fine particulate matter (fijnstof), during which outdoor exercise is discouraged.

Lack of Fresh Air Effects

A poor air condition causing concentration loss, headaches, and fatigue, as well as facilitating the easier spread of viruses and bacteria, preventable by adequate ventilation.

Carbon Monoxide (Koolstofmonoxide)

A dangerous, rapidly absorbed gas released during incomplete combustion when insufficient oxygen is present, capable of causing carbon monoxide poisoning.

Photosynthesis (Fotosynthese)

The process where chloroplasts (bladgroenkorrels) convert carbon dioxide and water into energy-rich glucose using sunlight: $\text{water} + \text{koolstofdioxide} + \text{energie} \rightarrow \text{glucose} + \text{zuurstof}$.

Mitochondria (Mitochondriën)

The cell organelles in which the combustion of glucose occurs to release stored chemical energy for cellular metabolism: $\text{glucose} + \text{zuurstof} \rightarrow \text{water} + \text{koolstofdioxide} + \text{energie}$.