Ch. 3: Skeletal System

Bones

Act as a framework for the body, Protect the internal organs and store calcium

Oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o

Bone

Bone marrow

Red bone marrow helps form red blood. Yellow bone marrow stores fat

Myel/o

Bone marrow or spinal cord

Cartilage

Create a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones

Chondr/o

Cartilage

Joints

Work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible

Arthr/o

Joints

Ligaments

Connect one bone to another

Ligament/o

Ligament

Synovial membrane

Forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid

Synovi/o, synov/o

Synovial membrane or synovial fluid

Synovial fluid

Lubricant that makes smooth joint movement possible

Bursa

Cushions area subject to friction during movement

Burs/o

Bursa

Ankyl/o

Crooked, bent or stiff

Cost/o

Rib

Crani/o

Skull

-desis

To bind, tie together

Kyph/o

Bent or hump

Lord/o

Curve, swayback, bent

Lumb/o

Lumbar, lower back

Scoli/o

Curved, bent

Spondyl/o

Vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

Acetabulum

Also, also known as the hip socket, the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint

Allogenic

Originating within another

Ankylosing spondylitis

A type of arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

Arthrodesis

The surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint such as an ankle, elbow or shoulder

Arthroscopy

Visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope

Autologous

originating within an individual

Avascular necrosis

An area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow

Bone marrow transplant

A stem cell transplant used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas

Callus

A bulging deposit that forms around the area of the break in a bone; also a thickening of the skin that is caused by repeated rubbing

Chondromalacia

Abnormal softening of cartilage

Comminuted fracture

A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

Compressed fracture

A fracture in which the bone is pressed together on itself

Costochondritis

Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

Crepitation

The grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

Dual x-ray absorptiometry

A low exposure, radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

Fat embolus

The release of fat cells from yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream when a long bone is fractured

gout

A type of Inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in the joints

Hallux valgus

And abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

Hemarthrosis

Blood within a joint

Hematopoietic

Pertaining to the formation of blood cells

Internal fixation

Fracture treatment in which pins or a plate are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken piece in place

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

An autoimmune disorder affecting children aged 16 years or younger with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed, growth, and fatigue

Kyphosis

An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side

Laminectomy

Surgical removal of the lamina or posterior portion of the vertebra

Lordosis

An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

Lumbago

The general term for pain in the lumbar region of the spine

Malleolus

Rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

Manubrium

The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

Metacarpals

The five bones that formed the palms of the hand

Metatarsal

From that part of the foot to which the toes are attached

Multiple myeloma

A type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells of the red bone marrow

Open fracture

A fracture in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

Orthopedic surgeon

Also known as an orthopedist, a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints and muscles

Orthotic

A mechanical appliance, such as a shoe insert, leg brace, or a splint, which is specially designed to support, control, correct or compensate for impaired limb function

Osteitis

Inflammation of a bone

Osteoarthritis

The type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging

Osteochondroma

A benign bony projection covered with cartilage

Osteomalacia

Abnormal softening of bone in adults

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

Osteopenia

Thinner than average bone density

Osteoporosis

A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging

Osteoporotic hip fracture

A fracture of a hip, weakened by osteoporosis that can occur spontaneously, or as a result of a fall

Paget’s disease

A chronic bone disease of unknown cause characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation

Pathologic fracture

A fracture that occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

Percutaneous vertebroplasty

Treatment of osteoporosis related compression fractures by injecting bone cement to stabilize compressed fractures within the spinal column

Podiatrist

Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

Polymyalgia rheumatica

An inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

Prosthesis

Substitute for a deceased or missing body part

Radiculopathy

A condition caused by the compression of a nerve in the spine, also called a pinched nerve

Rheumatoid arthritis

Chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

Rickets

A deficiency disease occurring in children involving defective bone growth due to vitamin D deficiency

Scoliosis

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Spina bifida

A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

Spinal stenosis

Is a narrowing of the space within the spine, potentially putting pressure on the nerves and spinal cord that may cause pain

Spinal fracture

A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

Spondylolisthesis

The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae in the vertebra below it

Spondylosis

A degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

Subluxation

The partial displacement of a bone from its joint

Synovectomy

Surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint, usually the knee

Vertebrae

Bony structural unit of the spinal column

Periosteum

Is a tough fibrosis tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

Compact bone

Also known as cortical bone, is the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms a protective outer layer of bone

Spongy Bone

Also known as cancellous bone, is porous which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone, Red bone marrow is often located here

Long bones

Arms, legs, femur, humorous

Short bones

Wrist and ankles

Medullary cavity

Is the central cavity located in the shaft of the long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone; red and yellow bone marrow is stored here

Endosteum

Is a tissue that lines the medullary cavity

Cartilage

Smooth, rubbery, blue-white Connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones; Out her ears and tip of nose

Articular cartilage

Covers the surface of bones where they articulate or come together to form joints. This cartilage makes smooth joints movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other

Meniscus

Is the curved fibrosis cartilage found in some joints; such as the knees and temporomandibular joint of the jaw

Diaphysis

Shaft of the long bone

Epiphyses

Wider ends of the long bone such as the femur of the leg, Covered with articular cartilage to protect it

Proximal epiphyses

The end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

Distal epiphyses

The end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body

Foramen

An opening in a bone, through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass

Process

Normal projection on the surface of the bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for muscles or tendons