exam 4 study guide - gph 301

What is an ecological approach?

Approach that targets multiple influences of health

What is Risk Environment?

The concept that environments contribute significantly to behavior because they set the stage for people to engage in unhealthy/risky behaviors

Social Etiology

Underlying cause of disease lies in the socio-cultural environment

What are the four ecological levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Model of Human Development?

Microsystem, Mesosystem ,Exosystem , Macrosystem

Microsystem

immediate environment

Mesosystem

Interaction between of two microsystems

Exosystem

external environment that affects an individual

Macrosystem

larger cultural context

What are the four categories of environmental factors from the Structural Model of Behavior?

Availability/Accessibility, Physical Structures, Social Structures, and Effects of Media

Availbility/Accessiblity

The greater the access, the more likely the behavior is to occur

Physical Structures

Physical environment influences a range of health behaviors i.e. physical activity and unintentional injury

Social Structures

Organizations and institutions and associated policies shape health behavior

Effects of Media

Media has a profound influence on health behavior; advertising is used to shape social norms

Behavioral Ecological Model

States that meta-contingencies are social reinforcements; their strengths are defined by the probability of facing social consequences

Minority Stress Theory

Suggests that challenging environments lead to long term, daily stress; distal sources of daily stress, proximal sources of daily stress through distal sources, and disproportionate health risks I

Intersectionality

Explains oppression and privilege in the context of minority populations; intersection of these broader structures results in strong oppression or privilege

Social Network Theory

States that information, knowledge, ideas, and attitudes are spread through interconnected networks of nodes/actors

What is Social Network Theory?

States that information, knowledge, ideas, and attitude spread through interconnected networks of nodes and actors

Actors/Nodes

Individuals, people, schools, industries, etc. that can form a tie or relationship with another structure

Homophily

Tendency of individuals of similar characteristics to form ties

Mutuality

Implication that relationships are reciprocal and involve a give and take between two entities

What are the three assets of Social Network Models?

Communication, Information, Relations

Communication

Driver of how information and ideas spread through networks

Information

spread to individuals within the network and can be influenced by social network structures

Relations

Connection between two or more actors/nodes

Super diffuser

Key members of a homophilic network who are responsible for norm setting

What are the three traits of a superdiffuser?

Connectivity, Persuasiveness, Mavenism

Connectivity

The ability to reach people and form bridges across groups

Persuasiveness

Skills and motivation to convince others

Mavenism

A person viewed as an expert relative to a specific content area of knowledge/skill

Strong versus weak ties

Refers to a degree of association between two nodes/actors

Degree centrality

Direct connections to another node

Distance

Number of connections and paths between two nodes

Closeness centrality

Average distance from a starting node to all the other nodes in the network

Betweenness centrality

Refers to ties between network members that are only possible between a third actor/node

Density

Number of actors/nods divided by possible number of ties I

Induction

Assumes a certain degree of susceptibility to alters of behavior change efforts by egos

Structural holes

Occurs when a possible tie between two people is not realized

Network-Individual Resource Model

Used to explain the influence of social and sexual networks on individual HIV risk taking behavior

What is the Diffusions of Innovation Theory?

States that behavior change is contagious and is used to facilitate change in large groups

What is special about DOI?

It’s ability to become self-sustaining after a sufficient number of people have adopted it

Compatability

The innovation must be consistent with current cultural values and practices`

Communicability

Easy to learn

Impact on social relations

Product or practice must not disrupt social customs

Relative advantage

The new product or practice must be substantially better than what it replaces

Risk and uncertainty level

Users can be assured that the product or practice is low risk but effective

Trialibility

Users can try the product or practice before deciding to adopt it for the long term

Complexity

Use of innovation should require minimal commitment

Modifiability

The resource system must be able to modify the product or practice as needed

Observability

People in the user system must be able to clearly see that the product or practice works

What are the two distinct communication channels?

Media and Interpersonal

Media

A formal channel; TV, radio, internet

Interpersonal channel

An informal channel; people

Innovation-decision process

States that how people progress through this process is a determinant of the time it takes for the innovation to be adopted

Five Discrete Stages

Knowledge, Persuasion, Decision, Implementation, Confirmation

Social System

Characterized by norms that defines the social structures, boundaries for diffusion, and structures needed to spread information about the innovation

Innovators

Start the chain of adoption; willing to accept risks and depart from social norms

Early adopters

First individuals to adopt new innovations

Early majority

Largest part of the social system that take longer periods of time to adopt an innovation

Late majority

People who are reluctant to adopt the innovation and take extended lengths of time to pass through the innovation-decision process

Laggards

People who are extremely slow to or never adopt an innovation