USII UNIT 1 STUDY GUIDE

Industrialization

The process of changing an economy from a farming-based society relying on hand tools into one dominated by factory manufacturing and machine-driven production

Cities (Centralized Hub)

• steam-powered factories required immense infrastructure (like railroad terminals, coal depots, and massive labor pools) that could only exist in concentrated areas.

• Businesses naturally clustered together to share these shipping routes and to access a centralized, desperate workforce

• clustering created a massive demand for secondary industries

Gilded Age

• Following the Civil War, the United States rapidly industrialized

• term refers to the act of gilding

• time of massive economic growth that also created extreme wealth inequality

Imperialism

A policy in which a stronger nation extends political, economic, or military control over weaker territories.

Steel

• Bessemer Process revolutionized manufacturing by making steel significantly cheaper, stronger, and faster to mass-produce than traditional iron

• Steel skeletons allowed architects to build upwards instead of outwards, giving birth to the skyscraper and allowing millions of people to live and work in highly concentrated urban footprints

Vertical Integration

A business strategy where a company controls every stage of the supply chain

• flow chart

• ex: Amazon (own their own goods, sell, host own store, etc)

Capitalism

an economic system where private individuals and businesses own and control the means of production (such as factories, tools, and land) to make a profit

Titans of Industry

• Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry, directly providing the physical building blocks—girders, bridges, and rails—that allowed urban centers to grow upward and outward.

• John D. Rockefeller controlled the oil industry through Standard Oil, originally providing the refined kerosene that lit city streets and urban homes, extending the hours of both work and community life.

Horizontal Integration

A business strategy where a company acquires or merges with its competitors in the same industry to eliminate competition and create a monopoly.

• circle

• ex: Facebook (bought other companies: Instagram, whatsapp,)

Profit

the financial gain (MONEY) that is made or value (HOW MUCH IT’S WORTH) that is generated after the cost of production

The Urban-Industrial Feedback Loop

• factories created a massive demand for labor, physically pulling millions of people into concentrated urban centers.

• this massive, concentrated population created a huge new consumer market that desperately needed more mass-produced goods, housing, and food.

• more factories meant more people, and more people meant a need for even more factories, forcing constant civic and technological innovation

Carnegie

dominated the steel industry

• He directly provided the physical building blocks—girders, bridges, and rails—that allowed urban centers to grow upward and outward

• owned every part of the steel industry

• built an enormous monopoly and gained significant political influence

Goals of Imperialism

• Gain natural resources

• Expand trade and markets

• Increase military power

• Spread culture and influence

Tenements

• massive shortage of safe housing for the new workers

• Many lived in tenements, which were dark, poorly built apartment buildings that lacked fresh air, indoor plumbing, and basic space

Rockefeller

controlled the oil industry through his company, Standard Oil.

• His company originally provided the refined kerosene that lit city streets and urban homes, extending the hours of both work and community life

• aggressively bought out rival oil refineries to control the vast majority of the oil market

Social Darwinism

• Belief that stronger nations and people would naturally become more powerful and successful.

• Survival of the fittest

Slums

• cities grew incredibly fast, there was a massive shortage of safe housing for the new workers

• Factory workers and new immigrants were forced to pack into overcrowded neighborhoods called slums.

Captains of Industry

• Leaders who transformed the American economy and built the modern world.

• Supporters of this label argue that their immense wealth was a justified reward for their massive contributions to society

Scramble for Africa

European nations rapidly claimed African territory during the late 1800s

• BECAUSE…..Africa was rich in:

  • Gold

  • Diamonds

  • Rubber

  • Ivory

Health

• Early industrial cities could not handle the sudden explosion of millions of new people

• Trash piled up in the streets, and raw sewage often flowed directly into local rivers and drinking water sources

• deadly diseases, like cholera and tuberculosis, to spread rapidly through crowded neighborhoods

Robber Barons

this perspective views the industrial titans as ruthless, greedy predators who acquired their wealth by exploiting the working class and cheating the system

-frequently bribed politicians, bought elections, and forced the government to maintain a "laissez-faire" (hands-off) approach

Berlin Conference

• European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to divide Africa.

• African leaders were NOT invited.

—-

• Set rules for claiming African territory

• Prevented war between European nations

• Accelerated colonization of Africa

Working Conditions

Dirty, unsafe!!

• Triangle shirtwaist factory

Teddy Roosevelt

Before becoming president, Theodore Roosevelt served as governor of New York

• As governor, Roosevelt supported Progressive reforms such as:

  • Regulating large corporations and railroad companies

  • Expanding civil service reform to reduce political corruption

  • Improving factory safety and working conditions

  • Supporting strikes

  • Taxing corporations more fairly

Competition

“Melting Pot”

being forced close together sparked incredible new cultural exchanges

Progressivism

Monroe Doctrine

Militarism

Isolationism

Spheres of Influence

Nationalism

Neutrality

Purchase of Alaska

Triple Alliance/Central Powers

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Hawaii

Entente/Allied Powers

The Lusitania

Goals of Imperialism

Assasination of Franz Ferdinand

The Zimmerman Telegram

Spanish-American War

July Crisis

Total War

Phillipine-American War

Propaganda

Homefront

“Big Stick” Diplomacy

WWI Technology

League of Nations

Panama & DR

Trench Warfare

Treaty of Versailles

US Global Position

Racism

Prohibition

Impacts of WWI

Jim Crow

Temperance Movement

Consumerism

Push Factors

Speakeasies/Bootlegging

Credit

Pull Factors

Women’s Social Advancement

Mass Production

“Promised Land”

Flappers

Markets/Marketing

Racial Violence

Jazz

Advertisement

Black Advancement

The First Red Scare

Fear of Missing Out

Du Bois

Sacco & Vanzetti

Harlem Renaissance

The Scopes Trial/Secularism