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Who became King of Great Britain in 1760?
George III.
Why did American colonists stop seeing themselves as British by the mid-1700s?
They developed their own government and identity.
What war began between the British and French in North America in 1754?
The French and Indian War.
What did Britain expect the colonists to do after the French and Indian War?
Pay taxes to help cover the war debt.
What event angered King George III in 1773?
The Boston Tea Party.
Where was the first gunfire of the American Revolution exchanged on April 19, 1775?
Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts.
What document did the Second Continental Congress issue in July 1776?
The Declaration of Independence.
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson.
Whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?
John Locke and Enlightenment thinkers.
What four reasons helped explain America’s success in the war?
Home-field advantage, motivation, British overconfidence, and French assistance.
What was the first constitution of the United States called?
The Articles of Confederation.
What was approved by Congress in February 1787?
The Constitutional Convention.
Why did delegates create three branches of government?
To prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
What are the three branches of government?
Legislative, executive, and judicial.
What system lets each branch limit the power of the others?
Checks and balances
What system divides power between national and state governments?
Federalism.
What were supporters of the Constitution called?
Federalists.
What were opponents of the Constitution called?
Anti-Federalists.
What are the first ten amendments to the Constitution called?
The Bill of Rights.
What were some causes of unrest in France in the late 1700s?
High taxes, food shortages, inequality, and Enlightenment ideas.
What was France’s social and political system before the Revolution?
The Old Regime.
What were the three social classes in France called?
The First, Second, and Third Estates.
Who made up the First Estate?
The clergy.
Who made up the Second Estate
The nobility.
Who made up the Third Estate?
Commoners, including peasants and the bourgeoisie.
Who made up the bourgeoisie?
The middle class, including merchants, bankers, and professionals.
Who made up the other major groups of the Third Estate?
Urban workers and peasants.
Who was king of France at the start of the Revolution, and who was his queen?
King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette.
What was France’s assembly of representatives from all three estates called?
The Estates-General.
How did the First and Second Estates have an advantage over the Third Estate?
Each estate had one vote, allowing the first two to outvote the Third Estate.
What did Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès suggest the Third Estate delegates call themselves?
The National Assembly.
What did creating the National Assembly represent?
The end of absolute monarchy and the beginning of representative government.
What was the Third Estate’s pledge to create a new constitution called?
The Tennis Court Oath.
What Paris prison did a mob storm on July 14, 1789?
The Bastille.
What did the storming of the Bastille symbolize?
The French people’s rebellion against royal authority.
What wave of panic spread through France in 1789?
The Great Fear
Why did thousands of Parisian women riot in October 1789?
Bread shortages and high bread prices.
Where did the women march during their October 1789 protest?
Versailles.
What revolutionary document did the National Assembly adopt in August 1789?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
What rights were included in the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
What became the slogan of French revolutionary leaders?
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
What did the National Assembly do to the Church during its early reforms?
Took Church lands and made clergy elections subject to government rules.
What type of government did the Constitution of 1791 create?
A limited constitutional monarchy.
What was the new legislative body created by the Constitution of 1791?
The Legislative Assembly.
What were the three general political groups in the Legislative Assembly?
Radicals on the left, moderates in the center, and conservatives on the right.
Who were nobles and others who fled France and wanted to restore the Old Regime?
Emigrés
What group of Parisian workers and shopkeepers wanted greater revolutionary changes?
The sans-culottes.
Which countries did France declare war on in April 1792?
Austria and Prussia.
Why did France declare war on Austria and Prussia?
They threatened the Revolution and wanted to restore the French monarchy.
What did angry Parisians do on August 10, 1792?
Stormed the royal palace and captured the royal family.
What were the September Massacres?
The killing of more than 1,000 prisoners in September 1792.
What did the Legislative Assembly declare in September 1792?
The end of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic.
What new governing body took office on September 21, 1792?
The National Convention
What were the National Convention’s first major actions?
Abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.
What were members of the Jacobin Club known as?
Jacobins
What happened to King Louis XVI?
He was executed in 1793.
What machine was used to execute people by beheading?
The guillotine.
Who led the radical phase of the French Revolution?
Maximilien Robespierre.
What was the radical period under Robespierre called?
The Reign of Terror.
About how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?
About 40,000.
When and how did the Reign of Terror end?
July 1794, when Robespierre was arrested and executed.
What five-man governing body was created in 1795?
The Directory.
What military genius and future dictator was born in Corsica in 1769?
The Directory.
What did Napoleon and his troops do in November 1799?
Overthrew the Directory in a coup d’état.
What did lawmakers establish after dissolving the Directory?
A government led by three consuls.
What is a sudden seizure of power called?
A coup d’état.
What was the vote of the people known as?
A plebiscite.
What did the new constitution voted on in 1800 give Napoleon?
Greater political power as First Consul.
What did Napoleon establish to improve France’s economy?
Efficient tax collection and a national banking system.
What were government-run public schools called?
Lycées
How were government officials chosen under Napoleon’s system
Based on ability and merit rather than birth.
What was the agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII called?
The Concordat.
What did the Concordat establish?
A new relationship between the French government and the Catholic Church.
What was Napoleon’s comprehensive system of laws called?
The Napoleonic Code.
What did Napoleon make himself in 1804?
Emperor of France.
Where was Napoleon crowned emperor?
Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris.
What did Napoleon’s self-coronation symbolize?
That his authority did not depend on the Pope.
What did Napoleon see as his key to the Americas?
The sugar-producing colony of Saint-Domingue.
Who led the fight for independence from French rule in Saint-Domingue?
Toussaint Louverture.
What territory did Napoleon sell to the United States, and for how much?
Louisiana Territory for $15 million.
What benefits did Napoleon expect from selling Louisiana?
Money for European wars and a stronger position against Britain.
Why did Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden fight Napoleon?
They feared his growing power and ambitions.
Which countries were forced to sign peace agreements after Napoleon’s victories?
Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
What major naval battle did Napoleon lose in 1805?
The Battle of Trafalgar.
Who commanded the British navy at Trafalgar?
Admiral Horatio Nelson.
What were two results of the Battle of Trafalgar?
Britain gained naval supremacy, and Napoleon abandoned plans to invade Britain.
Why did Napoleon divorce his first wife, Josephine?
She could not provide him with an heir.
What led Napoleon to greatness but also to his downfall?
His ambition for power and conquest.
What were Napoleon’s three major mistakes?
The Continental System, the Peninsular War, and the invasion of Russia.
What is a forcible closing of ports called?
A blockade
What was Napoleon’s policy to stop European trade with Britain called?
The Continental System.
How did Britain respond to the Continental System?
Britain established its own blockade.
How did these blockades affect the United States?
They disrupted American trade and helped lead to the War of 1812.
What were Spanish fighters who used surprise attacks called?
Guerrillas.
How did Spanish guerrillas fight?
They used small ambushes and surprise attacks.
What was Napoleon’s war against Spain from 1808–1814 called?
The Peninsular War.
Why was it called the Peninsular War?
Spain lies on the Iberian Peninsula.
What was Napoleon’s most disastrous mistake?
Invading Russia.
About how many soldiers did Napoleon take into Russia?
About 600,000.
What was Russia’s policy of destroying resources before the enemy arrived?
The scorched-earth policy.