General Science Term 2 Summative Test I Reviewer

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering chemical reactions, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and metabolism.

Chemical Reaction

A process in which one or more substances (reactants) are transformed into new substances (products) with different chemical properties.

Key Characteristic of a Chemical Reaction

The formation of new substances.

Decomposition

A type of chemical reaction where a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances, often through heat or another energy source.

Combustion

A chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and often light.

Reaction of Acids on Metals

A reaction where an acid reacts with certain metals to produce a salt and hydrogen gas.

Reaction of Acids on Carbonates

A reaction where an acid reacts with a carbonate to produce a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas.

Complete Combustion of Carbon-Based Fuels

A process that requires oxygen, releases energy, and produces carbon dioxide and water.

Rusting of Iron

A chemical change in which iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of moisture to form rust.

Limescale Removal by Vinegar

A chemical reaction where acetic acid in vinegar reacts with calcium carbonate deposits and helps dissolve them.

Chlorine Bleach

A common household cleaner containing sodium hypochlorite that removes stains through oxidation by changing the chemical structure of colored substances.

Surfactants

Components contained in detergents that help loosen, surround, and disperse grease in water so it can be washed away.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants, algae, and certain bacteria use light energy to produce energy-rich sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Light availability, carbon dioxide concentration, water availability, and temperature.

Cellular Respiration

A series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to release energy for cellular activities.

Aerobic Respiration

A process during which cells use oxygen to help release energy from glucose and produce ATP.

Mitochondria

The organelle primarily responsible for producing the most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells.

Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Two interconnected processes where the products of one serve as reactants of the other, though they are not exact reversals in their detailed chemical pathways.

Metabolism

The totality of chemical reactions occurring within a living organism that sustain life.

Catabolism

A type of metabolic reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler substances and often releases energy that cells can capture (e.g., breaking down glucose during cellular respiration).

Anabolism

A type of metabolic reaction that builds complex molecules from simpler substances and requires energy (e.g., building proteins from amino acids).