REM:PT1 Veterinary Anatomy: Comparative Osteology, Cytology & Arthrology

Which is correct for DOG, not horse?

Falciform spleen.

What is the first cervical vertebra?

Atlas (C1).

What is the second cervical vertebra?

Axis or epistropheus (C2).

What is developmental anatomy?

Study of embryonic and fetal development.

What is gross (macroscopic) anatomy?

Study of structures visible without a microscope.

What does arthrology/syndesmology study?

Joints and articulations.

What does myology study?

Muscles.

What does splanchnology study?

Viscera or internal organs.

What does aesthesiology study?

Special sense organs.

What does angiology study?

Cardiovascular structures.

What does neurology study?

Nervous structures.

What does microscopic anatomy/histology study?

Tissues and microscopic structures.

What does comparative veterinary anatomy study?

Similarities and differences in body structures among domestic animals.

What is the order of body organization?

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

What is the difference between a tissue and an organ?

A tissue is a group of cells; an organ contains different tissues.

What is a cell?

The basic structural and functional unit of life.

What is atrophy?

Decrease in cell size.

What is hypertrophy?

Increase in cell size.

What is hyperplasia?

Increase in NUMBER of cells in a tissue or organ.

What is metaplasia?

Replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type.

What is anaplasia?

Loss of cellular differentiation.

What is dysplasia?

Disordered cell growth and organization.

What is neoplasia?

Abnormal new growth from uncontrolled cell proliferation.

What are the key features of neoplasia?

Hyperchromatism and increased mitotic figures.

What is protoplasm?

Collective term for the substances making up the living contents of the cell.

What are the five basic substances of protoplasm?

Water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, electrolytes.

What is the principal fluid medium in the cell?

Water.

What are the two types of lipids?

Phospholipids and triglycerides.

What is glucose?

Simple carbohydrate, major cellular fuel.

What is glycogen?

Storage form of carbohydrate in animals.

What are cations?

Positively charged ions.

What are anions?

Negatively charged ions.

What are somatic cells?

Body cells other than germ cells.

What are germ cells?

Cells that give rise to gametes.

What are the phases of interphase?

G1, S, G2.

What happens in prophase?

Chromosomes condense; nucleolus disappears; nuclear envelope breaks down.

What happens in metaphase?

Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane.

What happens in anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

What happens in telophase?

Chromosomes reach opposite poles; nuclear envelopes reform.

What is cytokinesis?

Division of the cytoplasm into separate daughter cells.

What are the three major components of the animal cell?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Produces most cellular ATP by aerobic respiration.

What is the Krebs cycle also known as?

Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle

What is the function of lysosomes?

Intracellular digestion and breakdown of engulfed and damaged materials

What do peroxisomes do?

Oxidation and detoxification using oxidative enzymes (oxidases, catalase)

What is the role of Rough ER (RER)?

Makes many proteins for secretory and membrane pathways

What is the function of Smooth ER (SER)?

Lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification

What do free ribosomes produce?

Proteins mainly for use inside the cell

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

What are centrioles?

Paired cylinders that help organize the mitotic spindle

What do vacuoles store?

Minerals, proteins, pigments; large central vacuoles are typical of plant cells

What organelles are abundant in protein-secreting cells?

Rough ER and Golgi apparatus

What organelles are abundant in steroid-secreting cells?

Smooth ER

What does the nucleus contain?

Most cellular DNA and controls gene expression and many cellular activities

What are chromosomes?

Structures that contain DNA and condense during cell division

What are the parts of the nucleus?

Nucleolus, nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

What are the functions of bones?

Movement, support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation

Which bones protect the brain?

Skull

Which bones protect the heart and lungs?

Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae

What regulates blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium; parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium

What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Red marrow is a major site of hematopoiesis; yellow marrow is mostly adipose tissue

What is the composition of bone?

Organic component (collagen, GAGs) and inorganic component (calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate)

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

The expanded end of a long bone

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

The shaft or body of the bone

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

The transition region between epiphysis and diaphysis

What is the periosteum?

The outer covering of bone

What is the endosteum?

The inner lining of bone surfaces

What is compact bone?

Dense bone tissue

What is spongy bone?

Porous internal bone made of trabeculae

What is the medullary cavity?

The internal cavity containing bone marrow

What is the nutrient foramen?

An opening through which nutrient vessels enter the bone

What is the difference between periosteum and endosteum?

Periosteum is outer; endosteum is inner

What are long bones?

Levers for movement; examples include humerus and femur

What are short bones?

Distribute forces and diffuse concussion; examples include carpals and tarsals

What are flat bones?

Provide protection and broad surfaces for muscle attachment; examples include scapula and os coxae

What are irregular bones?

Have complex shapes; examples include vertebrae and complex skull bones

What are pneumatic bones?

Air-filled spaces that may connect with the avian air-sac system; examples include chicken humerus and clavicle

What are sesamoid bones?

Develop within tendons, commonly near joints; example is the patella

What is the keel or carina?

The prominent ventral ridge of the avian sternum; attachment for major flight muscles

What do the terms 'clod', 'blade', 'atlas', and 'axis' refer to?

Clod = humerus; Blade = scapula; Atlas = C1; Axis = C2

What are the three divisions of the skeleton?

Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, splanchnic skeleton

What are splanchnic bones?

Visceral bones that develop within soft tissues; examples include os penis and os rostrale

Which bones are cranial?

Skull bones

Which bones are facial?

Facial bones

What are the paired cranial bones?

Frontal, parietal, and temporal bones.

Is the mandible part of the skull?

Yes, in broad usage; 'cranium' may exclude it.

What is the infraorbital foramen?

An opening on the maxilla that transmits infraorbital neurovascular structures.

What forms the hard palate?

Palatine processes of the incisive bones, palatine processes of the maxillae, and horizontal parts of the palatine bones.

What are the parts of the occipital bone?

Supraoccipital, exoccipitals, basioccipital.

What is the foramen magnum?

Large opening where the spinal cord is continuous with the medulla.

What do occipital condyles articulate with?

The atlas (atlanto-occipital joint).

What are the dorsal and ventral conchae?

Dorsal = nasoturbinate; Ventral = maxilloturbinate.

Which species have complete bony orbital margins?

Horse, cattle, sheep.

Which species have incomplete bony orbital margins?

Pig, dog, cat.

What do cattle and sheep lack?

Upper incisors; they have a dental pad instead.

What are the parts of a typical vertebra?

Body, vertebral arch, vertebral canal, articular processes, transverse processes, spinous process.

What is the atlas?

C1 vertebra that supports the skull.

What is the axis?

C2 vertebra that bears the dens.

How do you count sacral segments?

Number of pairs of sacral foramina on one surface plus one.

What is the vertebral formula for horses?

C: 7; T: 18; L: 6; S: 5; Cd: 15-20.