Psychology Review: Dualism, Monism, the Enlightenment Thinkers, and The Schools of Psychology

What is Dualism?

The belief that our actions are innate (in our genes).

Which philosophers/doctors were dualists?

Aristotle and Descartes, Hippocrates

What is Monism?

The belief that our environment influences our actions.

Which philosophers were monists?

Plato, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau.

What organization combined both dualism and monism to keep control?

The Catholic Church.

How did the Catholic Church maintain control?

By creating the belief that all people were born with original sin, which could be cleansed through good works and paying indulgences.

Who said 'I think therefore I am'?

Descartes, Dualist.

Who said 'Men are born free but live everywhere in chains!'?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Monist.

What does 'Tabula Rasa' mean?

Blank Slate, associated with Aristotle, Monist.

Wundt & Titchener

Associated with Structuralism; focused on sensation and perception, especially hearing and seeing; established the first psychology laboratory in Germany in 1879; reacted to philosophy; used introspection to study conscious experiences.

Structuralism

An early school of psychology focused on breaking conscious experiences into basic sensations and perceptions; studied things like hearing and seeing; used introspection.

Introspection

A method where subjects described their own thoughts, feelings, and conscious experiences.

William James

Associated with Functionalism; focused on how the mind functions and how the brain allows people to perceive senses; established the first psychology laboratory in the U.S. in 1890; reacted to Structuralism.

Functionalism

A school of psychology focused on how the mind functions and how conscious experiences help people interact with their environment; developed partly as a reaction to Structuralism.

Freud

Founder of Psychoanalysis; studied the unconscious mind; developed his ideas during the Victorian Era; associated with the first school of therapy; reacted to earlier psychological approaches.

Psychoanalysis

A school of psychology focused on the unconscious mind and how unconscious thoughts and experiences can influence behavior; associated with Freud and the development of therapy.

Founders of Structuralism

William Wundt and Edward Titchener

Founder of Functionalism

William James

Founder of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

Purpose of Structuralism

Focused on sensations and perceptions, such as hearing and seeing.

Purpose of Functionalism

Focused on how the mind functions.

Why did Freud disagree with studying the conscious mind?

He believed that it was more worth it to study the unconscious mind.

Ivan Pavlov

Studied how pairing two stimuli can cause a learned reaction.

What two stimuli did Pavlov pair to make the dog salivate?

A bell and meat.

Who took Pavlov's experiment and performed it on a baby?

John Watson.

What was the baby's name?

Little Albert.

What two stimuli did Watson pair to make Little Albert cry?

A white rat and a loud noise.

What was Watson's claim to fame?

He claimed he could take any infant and make them into a criminal or an upstanding citizen.

How did the psychological community react to Watson's experiment?

They criticized him for abuse and creating phobias.

Who took over behaviorism with operant conditioning in the 1950s?

B.F. Skinner.

What was B.F. Skinner's claim?

Behavior is based on stimulus and response.

Why was Skinner's idea frightening to the world, especially Americans?

Because of the Cold War, the Red Scare, and the atomic bomb.

What school of psychology reacted to behaviorism?

Humanism.

Who founded Humanism?

Carl Rogers.

Who was Carl Rogers' student who developed the Hierarchy of Needs?

Abraham Maslow.

What would Maslow say if someone was not trying to be the best they could be?

They lacked something necessary for growth, such as safety.

What are the five steps of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization.

What was B.F. Skinners claim to fame?

"There is no free will"

Sigmund Freud

Founder of Psychoanalysis; 1890; studied the unconscious; developed during the Victorian Era; reacted to Functionalism; first school of therapy.

What school of psychology did Freud found?

Psychoanalysis.

What did Freud study?

The unconscious.

What era was Psychoanalysis developed during?

The Victorian Era.

What did Psychoanalysis react to?

Functionalism.

Why is Psychoanalysis important?

It was the first school of therapy.

Watson and Skinner

Behaviorism; 1913; used classical conditioning and operant conditioning; connected to the Cold War and atomic bomb; reacted to Psychoanalysis; criticized because of abuse of children.

What school of psychology did Watson and Skinner develop?

Behaviorism.

What did Behaviorism focus on?

Behavior and how it can be learned through conditioning.

What events were connected to Behaviorism?

The Cold War and atomic bomb.

What did Behaviorism react to?

Psychoanalysis.

Why was Behaviorism criticized?

Because of the abuse of children in experiments.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Humanism; 1955; focused on the ideal self and real self and when they align; connected to the Hierarchy of Needs; reacted to Behaviorism; optimistic approach.

What school of psychology did Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow develop?

Humanism.

What did Humanism focus on?

The ideal self and real self, and how they can align.

What is the Hierarchy of Needs?

Maslow's theory of human needs and personal growth.

What did Humanism react to?

Behaviorism.

What type of approach is Humanism?

An optimistic approach.

Noam Chomsky and George Miller

Cognitivism; 1950s; explained behavior through how people acquire and store information; connected to the Space Race; reacted to Humanism.

What school of psychology did Chomsky and Miller develop?

Cognitivism.

What does Cognitivism focus on?

How people acquire and store information.

What event was connected to Cognitivism?

The Space Race.

What did Cognitivism react to?

Humanism.

Olds, Sperry, and Hubel

Biological Approach; 1960s; explained behavior through wiring and biochemical processes; connected to science and biology; reacted to Cognitivism.

What is the Biological Approach?

It explains behavior through wiring and biochemical processes.

When did the Biological Approach develop?

The 1960s.

What was the Biological Approach connected to?

Science and biology.

What did the Biological Approach react to?

Cognitivism.

Cosmides and Tooby

Evolutionary Approach; 1960s; focused on patterns that help us solve adaptive problems; connected to evolution; reacted to the Biological Approach.

What is the Evolutionary Approach?

It focuses on patterns that help us solve adaptive problems.

When did the Evolutionary Approach develop?

The 1960s.

What is the Evolutionary Approach connected to?

Evolution.

What did the Evolutionary Approach react to?

The Biological Approach.

Kurt Lewin

Social Psychology; 1980s; studied how groups influence individual actions; connected to the bystander effect, conformity, and obedience; reacted to the Evolutionary Approach; linked sociology and psychology.

What is Social Psychology?

The study of how groups influence an individual's actions.

Who is associated with Social Psychology?

Kurt Lewin.

What topics are connected to Social Psychology?

The bystander effect, conformity, and obedience.

What did Social Psychology react to?

The Evolutionary Approach.

What is the importance of Social Psychology?

It links sociology and psychology.

What school was an outgrowth of the Race for Space?

Cognitivism

What was the theory of Cognitivism?

The brain works like a machine.

Who were the founders of Cognitivism?

Chomsky and Miller.

If you went to a biological psychologist for depression, how would they suggest treating it?

Medicine.

Who were the founders associated with the Biological approach?

Olds, Sperry, and Hubel.

What does the Evolutionary approach suggest about DNA?

We carry DNA from our evolutionary ancestors.

What two areas does inherited evolutionary DNA assist us with?

Survival and reproduction.

What is an example of an evolutionary behavior?

An innate fear of spiders or snakes, or universal preferences.

What does an evolutionary psychologist study?

Social or adaptive behavior.

What is the connection between social psychology and sociology?

Social psychology is the missing link between psychology and sociology.

What are examples of social psychological studies?

The Stanford Prison Experiment and the Asch Conformity Experiments.

Positive Psychology

1997; Martian Selgman; the positive, overwhelming and fulfilling aspect of the human experience

Martian Slegman

founder of Positive Psychology

Two schools of Psychology today?

Biological School; Dualism and Socio-Culture School (Monism)

Margaret Fly Washburn

student of Wundt; firdt woman to get a PhD in psychology; second president of ADA

Mary Whiton Calkines

studied under james; first female president of ADA

Dorothea Dix

campaigned for better treatment of shell shocked war veterans; got senete to vote for better conditions

Clinical psychologist

in metal hospital; diagnosis disordered; treats mental conditions

Counseling Psychologist

Therapist; provides for them to help make a change

Developmental Psychologist

developmental psychology; researches how people think, behave, and grow throughout lifetime.

Forensic Psychology:

Works with Courts and applies psychological principles to legal issues; expert on testimony on legal insanity or if a criminal can be rehabilitated

Health Psychologists:

No meds, works with coping skills, meditation, yoga, nutrition

Industrial and Organizational Psychologist:

Works with employees to help with problems at work/home