Immune System

Albumin

Plasma protein. maintains blood osmotic pressure and transports substances

Globulin

Plasma protein. Contains immune antibodies

Fibrinogen

Plasma protein. Converted into fibrin during blood clotting

Granulocytes

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Neutrophils

Immune cell, ingest and destroy bacteria through phagocytosis

Eosinophils

Immune cell, defends against parasitic infections

Basophils

immune cell, release histamine which increases blood dilation and permeability

Monocytes

immune cell circulates in blood, can enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages or certain dendritic cells

Macrophages

immune cell, engulfs pathogens or dead/damaged cells

Lymphocytes

B-Cells, T-cells, natural killer cells

B Lymphocytes

immune cell, can become plasma cells that produce antibodies

Helper. T-Cell

immune cell, coordinates immune responses by releasing cytokines

Cytotoxic T-Cell

immune cell, kills infected or abnormal cells

Natural Killer Cells

Immune cell, kill certain virus infected or cancerous cells without requiring the same antigen specific activation as T-Cells.

Dendritic Cells

immune cell, captures antigens in tissues, process antigens into fragments, present fragments to T-cellls, help activate adaptive immunity

Step 1 in Immune Response

Detection and Identification: immune cells recognize an invading pathogen or foreign antigenS

Step 2 in Immune Response

Communication and Recruitment: Cytokines and the chemical signals alert nearby cells and recruit additional immune cells

Step 3 in Immune Response

Coordination: Innate or adaptive immune cells work together to organize an effective response

Step 4 in Immune Response

Suppression or Destruction: pathogen eliminated or controlled, the response eventually subsides

Positive Feedback Loop

IL-2 creates

Autocrine Signaling

when a cell releases a chemical messenger that binds to receptors on that same cell

Step 1 of IL-2 Cytokine Signaling

Antigen-presenting call displays an antigen fragment to helper T-Cell

Step 2 of IL-2 Cytokine Signaling

Helper T-cell activates

Step 3 of IL-2 Cytokine Signaling

Helper T-Cell produces and releases IL-2

Step 4 of IL-2 Cytokine Signaling

IL-2 binds to IL-2 receptors on the same t-cell and nearby t-cells

Step 5 of IL-2 Cytokine Signaling

Intracellular signaling pathways promote T-cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival

MHC Class 1

Found on all nucleated cells, presents peptides from proteins made inside the cell, recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T-Cells, identify infected or abnormal cells

MHC Class II

Found on professional APCs, Dendritic cells, macrophages, B-Cells, presents peptides from proteins taken up from outside the cell, recognized by CD4+ helper T-cells, activate and coordinate immune response

Inflammatory Response

an innate immune response that bring immune cells and protective molecules to an injured or infected area

Histamine

an inflammatory mediator, vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Interleukins

an inflammatory mediator, coordinates immune responses

Bradykinin

an inflammatory mediator, contribute to pain and swelling

Complement Proteins

an inflammatory mediator, mark pathogens, recruit immune cells, destroy some microbes

Acute-Phase Proteins

an inflammatory mediator, help the body responds to infection and inflammation

Chemotoxins

an inflammatory mediator, attract immune cells toward a chemical signal

Opsonins

an inflammatory mediator, coat pathogens to make them easier for phagocytes to recognize and engulf

Vasodilation

inflammatory response, blood vessels widen, increasing blood flow to the affected area, causes redness and warmth

Increased Vascular Permeability

inflammatory response, fluid and proteins leave the blood stream and enter tissues, causing swelling

Immune Cell Recruitment

inflammatory response, chemical signals attract leukocytes, which move out of blood vessels and toward infection