Unit 3 Vocab Quiz Modern Euro

By: Kareem

Christian Humanism

Movement applying Renaissance learning to Christianity; encouraged Church reform and Bible study. Erasmus was a leader.

Pluralism

Holding multiple Church offices at once, often to collect their income.

Benefices

Church positions that provided income to clergy.

Absenteeism

Clergy collecting Church income without serving or living at their assigned location.

Thomas à Kempis / Imitation of Christ

Devotional work stressing humility, personal faith, and imitation of Jesus.

Priesthood of All Believers

Luther's idea that all Christians can approach God directly through faith.

Johann Tetzel

German preacher whose promotion of indulgences helped provoke Luther's protests.

Indulgences

Remission of temporal punishment for forgiven sins; abuses surrounding them sparked criticism.

Ninety-Five Theses

Luther's 1517 arguments criticizing indulgence abuses; helped start the Reformation.

Edict of Worms

1521 decree by Charles V declaring Luther an outlaw and banning his writings.

Peasants' Revolt (1524–1525)

German peasant uprising over social and economic grievances; condemned by Luther.

Transubstantiation

Catholic teaching that Communion bread and wine become Christ's body and blood.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Protestantism and defended Catholic unity.

Pope Clement VII

Pope during the 1527 Sack of Rome; refused Henry VIII's marriage annulment.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman sultan whose military expansion challenged Charles V.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 settlement allowing German rulers to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territories.

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer who challenged Catholic doctrine and emphasized Scripture.

Marburg Colloquy

1529 meeting where Luther and Zwingli disagreed about Communion.

Anabaptists

Radical Protestants who practiced adult believers' baptism and often favored separation of Church and state.

Münster Rebellion

Radical Anabaptist takeover of Münster, defeated in 1535.

Menno Simons

Peaceful Anabaptist leader linked to the Mennonites.

John Calvin

Geneva-based Protestant reformer who strongly emphasized predestination.

Predestination

Belief that God has already determined who will be saved.

Puritans

English Protestants seeking to remove remaining Catholic practices from the Church of England.

Act of Supremacy

1534 law making Henry VIII head of the Church of England.

Book of Common Prayer

Standardized English worship book introduced under Edward VI.

Edward VI

English king who promoted Protestant reforms after Henry VIII.

Bloody Mary (Mary I)

Catholic queen of England who persecuted Protestants and tried to restore Catholicism.

Elizabeth I

English queen who established a durable Protestant religious settlement.

Catholic Reformation

Catholic movement to reform abuses, renew faith, and respond to Protestantism.

Saint Teresa of Ávila

Spanish Catholic mystic and reformer of the Carmelite order.

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, a major Catholic religious order.

Jesuits

Catholic order focused on education, missions, and defending Catholicism.

Francis Xavier

Jesuit missionary active in India, Japan, and other parts of Asia.

Pope Paul III

Pope who advanced Catholic reform and called the Council of Trent.

Council of Trent

1545–1563 Catholic council that reaffirmed doctrine and addressed Church abuses.

Huguenots

French Calvinist Protestants.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

1572 mass killing of Huguenots beginning in Paris.

Henry IV

French Bourbon king, formerly Protestant, who issued the Edict of Nantes.

Edict of Nantes

1598 decree giving French Huguenots limited religious freedom and protections.

War of the Three Henrys

French struggle involving Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise.

The Guises

Powerful French Catholic noble family opposed to the Huguenots.

The Bourbons

French ruling dynasty beginning with Henry IV.

Catherine de Medici

French queen mother who sought to manage Catholic-Protestant conflict.

Philip II

Catholic king of Spain who opposed Protestantism and attempted to invade England.

Battle of Lepanto

1571 Christian naval victory over the Ottoman fleet.

El Escorial

Philip II's Spanish palace-monastery complex symbolizing royal and Catholic power.

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet sent against England in 1588; invasion failed.

United Provinces

Northern Dutch provinces that rebelled against Spain and formed a republic.

Protestant Union

1608 alliance of Protestant German princes.

Catholic League

1609 alliance of Catholic German rulers.

Defenestration of Prague

1618 incident of Protestant nobles throwing imperial officials from a window; helped trigger war.

Edict of Restitution

1629 decree demanding the return of many Church lands seized by Protestants.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Protestant king and major commander in the Thirty Years' War.

Peace of Westphalia

1648 treaties ending the Thirty Years' War and strengthening German state autonomy.