High School Health Midterm Study Guide Outline

Vocabulary flashcards covering the core concepts, health terms, nutrition, financial principles, and psychological models from the High School Health Midterm Study Guide Outline.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A calculated measure used to categorize adult weight and evaluate health, which has recognized limitations as a standalone health measurement.

Skeletal System

The bodily framework comprised of the human body's major bones that serves essential structural support functions.

Muscular System

The bodily system made up of major muscles that performs essential functions related to movement and physical activity.

Emergency Fund

A designated reserve of savings established within the financial order of operations to protect against unexpected financial emergencies.

Binge Drinking

The consumption of excessive quantities of alcohol that carries significant risks to physical health, safety, judgment, and coordination.

THC

The primary psychoactive component in marijuana that alters brain function, judgment, coordination, memory, and attention.

Vaping

The use of e-cigarettes that heat liquid containing substances such as nicotine, posing health risks to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Nicotine Dependence

A condition of addiction driven by repeated nicotine use that affects the brain and body.

Calorie

A unit of measurement for the energy provided by food and expended by the body.

Energy Balance

The relationship between the number of calories consumed through food and the total energy utilized by the body.

Essential Nutrients

A group of six dietary substances necessary for the body, serving either to supply energy or to facilitate vital physiological functions.

Stress

A physical, emotional, and behavioral bodily reaction provoked by external demands or stressors.

Stressors

External events, situations, or causes that induce acute or chronic stress responses.

Acute Stress

A temporary, short-term stress response to an immediate stressor, distinct from persistent chronic stress.

Chronic Stress

Long-term, persistent stress that can have ongoing detrimental effects on physical and mental health.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A five-tier psychological model indicating that foundational human needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be pursued. 1st need is physiological needs, 2nd is safety, 3rd is love and belonging, 4th is esteem, and 5th is self actualization

Self-Actualization

The pinnacle level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, representing the fulfillment of personal potential after lower-order needs are met.

Coping Mechanism

A healthy or unhealthy method or strategy utilized to respond to and manage stress and emotional challenges.

Problem-Focused Coping

A coping approach geared toward directly addressing, modifying, or eliminating the underlying cause of a stressor.

Emotion-Focused Coping

A coping approach directed at managing and regulating emotional distress associated with a stressor.

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological responses used to protect oneself when navigating stressful or emotionally threatening circumstances.

Eight Domains of Health

The interconnected dimensions of personal wellness that contribute to overall well-being, consisting of physical, emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual, environmental, financial, and occupational aspects.

Three Components of Physical Fitness

The key areas of physical conditioning, typically consisting of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular fitness (strength and endurance), and flexibility.

Five Asset Classes

The primary investment categories utilized to build wealth, each characterized by distinct levels of risk, potential return, and liquidity:

1. Cash and Cash Equivalents: Highly liquid assets (such as savings accounts and money market funds) offering minimal risk but the lowest potential returns.

2. Equities (Stocks): Shares of company ownership that provide high potential long-term returns and growth, but carry higher risk and market volatility.

3. Fixed Income (Bonds): Debt securities where investors lend money to governments or corporations in exchange for regular interest payments and return of principal, carrying moderate risk.

4. Real Estate: Physical property and land investments that generate wealth through rental income and capital appreciation, typically with lower liquidity.

5. Commodities: Basic raw materials and resources (such as gold, oil, and agricultural goods) that offer diversification and a potential hedge against inflation.

Financial Order of Operations

A sequenced, step-by-step strategy for allocating income across saving, debt payoff, and investing to maximize financial security and build long-term wealth:

1. Emergency Funds: Establishing a dedicated, liquid cash reserve to cover unforeseen emergencies without going into debt.

2. Paying Off High-Interest Debt: Aggressively eliminating high-interest liabilities (such as credit card balances) that erode wealth through costly compounding interest.

3. Employer Matches: Contributing enough to an employer-sponsored retirement plan (like a 401(k)) to capture the full match, securing an immediate return.

4. Roth and HSA: Maximizing tax-advantaged accounts such as a Roth IRA (for tax-free investment growth and withdrawals) and a Health Savings Account (for triple tax advantages on medical expenses).

5. Regular Investing: Investing further into taxable brokerage accounts and maxing out retirement accounts to build long-term compound wealth.

6. Pre-Pay Expenses: Saving in advance for upcoming major life expenses, such as higher education costs, a down payment, or a vehicle replacement.

7. Low-Interest Debts: Paying off remaining lower-interest obligations (such as student loans or a mortgage) ahead of schedule to gain total financial freedom.

8. Give: Using accumulated surplus wealth to support charitable causes, give back to the community, and help others in need.

Mental Illnesses

Medical conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking, or behavior that cause distress and impair daily functioning:

1. Common Examples:

   • Major Depression: Persistent sadness, emptiness, and loss of interest in activities that interfere with daily life and routines.

   • Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Chronic, uncontrollable worry, nervousness, and physical tension across everyday situations.

   • Bipolar Disorder: Significant shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels alternating between mania and depressive episodes.

   • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Intrusive memories, flashbacks, severe anxiety, and avoidance behaviors triggered by a traumatic event.

2. Impact on Daily Life: Can disrupt academic performance, interpersonal relationships, self-care, and physical well-being.

3. Treatment and Support: Effectively managed through professional psychotherapy, prescribed medication, positive coping strategies, and trusted support systems.

4. Stigma Reduction: Health conditions that require empathy, medical care, and community support rather than judgment or misunderstanding.

Defense mechanisms

• Denial: Refusing to accept real-life facts or a painful reality.

• Repression: Unconsciously blocking out unwanted thoughts, memories, or impulses.

• Projection: Attributing your own unacceptable feelings or traits to someone else.

• Displacement: Transferring an emotion (like anger at a boss) to a safer target (like a family member).

• Rationalization: Creating logical-sounding excuses for behavior to avoid guilt.

• Reaction Formation: Acting or feeling the exact opposite of your true, hidden impulses.

• Sublimation: Channelling difficult or dark impulses into healthy, productive activities (like art or exercise).

Six essential nutrients

1. Carbohydrates (Macronutrient)

• What it does: Acts as your body's main and preferred source of energy for your brain, muscles, and daily activities.

• Where to find it: Whole grains (oats, brown rice, quinoa), fruits, vegetables, and beans.

2. Protein (Macronutrient)

• What it does: Builds and repairs muscles, bones, skin, and hair, and creates important enzymes and hormones.

• Where to find it: Lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, beans, lentils, nuts, and tofu.

• 3. Fats (Macronutrient / Lipids)

  • What it does: Provides stored energy, protects organs, supports cell growth, and helps your body absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).

  • Where to find it: Olive oil, avocados, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish like salmon.

  4. Vitamins (Micronutrient)

  • What it does: Organic compounds that boost immunity, support metabolism, and keep cells working properly.

  • Where to find it: A wide variety of colorful fruits, vegetables, and whole foods.

  • 5. Minerals (Micronutrient)

    • What it does: Inorganic elements like calcium (for bones) and iron (for oxygen in the blood) that control fluid balance and nerve signals.

    • Where to find it: Leafy greens, nuts, seeds, meats, and dairy products.

    6. Water (Fluid)

    • What it does: Makes up about 60% of your body weight, regulates temperature, cushions joints, and flushes out waste.

    • Where to find it: Plain water, herbal tea, milk, and high-water foods like fruits and vegetables.

Three core functions of money

• Medium of Exchange: Money is an accepted intermediary used to buy and sell goods and services. It eliminates the clumsy "double coincidence of wants" required in a barter system (where both parties have to want what the other person is offering).

• Unit of Account: Money acts as a standard measuring stick or common denominator for economic value. It lets you easily compare the relative prices and worth of different goods and services (like pricing a coffee at $5 versus a candle at $12).

• Store of Value: Money retains its purchasing power over time, allowing people to save wealth today and spend it safely in the future (though its real value can shift with inflation or deflation).