science 4th

Extinction

The complete disappearance of a species from Earth.

Habitat Destruction

Loss of natural habitats due to activities such as deforestation and urban expansion.

Overexploitation

The excessive use of species leading to their extinction, as seen in overhunting and overfishing.

Invasive Species

Non-native species introduced to new environments that can negatively impact native species.

Climate Change

Altered weather patterns and environmental conditions that affect species' survival.

Conservation

Efforts aimed at preserving biodiversity and protecting endangered species.

IUCN Red List

A list that categorizes species based on their risk of extinction and helps prioritize conservation.

Extinct (EX)

Species that are no longer found anywhere on Earth.

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

Species that only exist in captivity and have no known wild populations.

Critically Endangered (CR)

Species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

Endangered (EN)

Species that are at risk of becoming critically endangered in the near future.

Vulnerable (VU)

Species at risk of becoming endangered in the near future.

Near Threatened (NT)

Species that do not meet the criteria for vulnerable but may become threatened.

Least Concern (LC)

Species that are not currently at risk of extinction.

Data Deficient (DD)

Species for which there is insufficient information to assess their extinction risk.

Not Evaluated (NE)

Species that have not yet been assessed for the Red List.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Light-dependent reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into ATP and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle

The second stage of photosynthesis, which uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO₂ into glucose.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to generate energy in the form of ATP.

Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration occurring in the cytoplasm where glucose is broken down.

Krebs Cycle

The stage in cellular respiration that further breaks down pyruvate and releases CO₂.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The final stage of cellular respiration that generates a large amount of ATP using oxygen.

Aerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that requires oxygen and produces up to 38 ATP per glucose.

Anaerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that occurs without oxygen and produces only 2 ATP per glucose.

Magma Chamber

A reservoir of molten rock located beneath the Earth's surface.

Volcanic Vent

An opening through which magma, gases, and ash are expelled during an eruption.

Crater

The depression surrounding a volcano's opening.

Lava Flow

Molten rock that flows from a volcano during an eruption.

Explosive Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions characterized by high-pressure gas and thick magma.

Effusive Eruptions

Eruptions where lava flows slowly from the volcano.

Pyroclastic Flows

Fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter that flow down volcanic slopes.

Climate

Long-term patterns of weather in a specific region, typically measured over 30 years.

Weather

Short-term atmospheric conditions such as temperature and precipitation.

Latitude

Geographical coordinate that affects temperature, with equatorial regions being warmer.

Altitude

The height of an area which influences its temperature, with higher altitudes being cooler.

El Niño

A climate phenomenon that alters sea surface temperatures in the Pacific and affects global weather.

La Niña

A climate phenomenon characterized by cooler than average sea surface temperatures in the Pacific.

Mitigation

Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

Adaptation

Adjustments in practices, processes, or structures in response to changing climates.

Properties of Stars

Stars are characterized by their size, temperature, luminosity, and composition.

Constellations

Groups of stars that form recognizable patterns in the night sky.