Unit 5: The Middle Ages (1000-1450) Church History

Flashcards covering key events, figures, and concepts from Unit 5: The Middle Ages (1000-1450) of Church History, including the Crusades, Monastic Orders, Papal Authority, the Inquisition, and Medieval Mysticism.

What slogan was shouted by the people at the declaration of the First Crusade?

Deus Vult! (God's Will!)

Who launched the First Crusade in 1095 A.D.?

Pope Urban II

What site built on the place of Jesus' death and resurrection served as the holiest goal of the Crusades?

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre

How is a sepulcher defined?

A small room or monument, cut in rock or built of stone, in which a dead person is laid or buried.

Which Byzantine emperor appealed to Rome for help against Turkish invasion, helping trigger the First Crusade?

Alexius Comnenus

In what year did the Byzantines lose Turkey to a Muslim invasion?

1071 C.E.

In what year did the East-West Schism divide Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity?

1054

In what city and country did Pope Urban II give the 1095 speech calling upon Christians to enter the Crusade?

Clermont, France

What spiritual inducement remitting all punishments due to sin was offered by Pope Urban II to Crusaders who died?

A plenary indulgence

What is the difference between a plenary indulgence and a partial indulgence?

A plenary indulgence remits the entire temporal punishment due to sin, whereas a partial indulgence commutes only a certain portion of the penalty.

What financial and legal privileges were granted to Crusaders by Papal authority?

Crusaders were exempted from taxes, debtors received a moratorium on interest, and prisoners had death sentences commuted to life service as a crusader.

Who founded the Knights Templar around 1118, and what was its original name?

French knight Hugues de Payens founded the order, originally called the Poor Knights of the Temple of King Solomon.

What was the signature style of dress for the Knights Templar?

White habits emblazoned with a red cross

What were the primary origins and role of the Teutonic Knights?

Started in Germany under severe rules, they cared for the injured and sick returning from battles.

By what other name were the Knights Hospitallers known?

The Knights of Malta

What three vows under the Rule of St. Benedict did religious knightly orders adopt?

Poverty, Obedience, and Chastity

Who preached the Children's Crusade?

Stephen of Cloyes, a twelve-year-old French peasant lad

What last Christian city fell to the Muslims in 1291, ending the Kingdom of Jerusalem?

Acre

In what year did Constantinople fall to the Muslims, marking the official end of the Crusades?

1453

When and where was the Benedictine monastery of Cluny founded?

In A.D. 909 in Southern France (Burgundy)

Who founded the Cluny monastery and whom did he nominate as its first Abbot?

Founded by William I, who nominated Berno as its first Abbot.

What architectural style is characterized by semi-circular arches and spread through the influence of Cluny?

Romanesque architecture

Which 10th-century Benedictine monastery in Italy suffered severe destruction during World War II in 1944?

Monte Cassino

Who founded the Carthusians in 1084, and what were the key practices of their rule?

Founded by St. Bruno; members lived as hermits, gathering only for Mass, Divine Office, and Feast Day meals, with no meat and no alcohol permitted.

Who founded the Cistercian order in 1098?

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Who founded the Franciscan order, and what church was he called by God to rebuild?

Francis of Assisi, who was called to rebuild the church at San Damiano.

What quote regarding preaching is attributed to St. Francis of Assisi?

"Proclaim the Gospel boldly…Use words if necessary!"

Which Pope reigned from 1198 to 1216, marking an exaggerated high point of Papal authority and initiating the title "Vicar of Christ"?

Pope Innocent III

What official explanation of the belief in the Eucharist was defined at the Fourth Lateran Council?

Transubstantiation

How many sacraments were officially affirmed at the Fourth Lateran Council?

7

When and by whom was the Spanish Inquisition established?

Established in 1478 by King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

Who was appointed as the Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition?

Torquemada

In 1492 Spain, what were converted Jews and converted Muslims called?

Converted Jews were called Conversos, and converted Muslims were called Moriscos.

In what years were Jews expelled from England and France?

England expelled Jews in 1290, and France in 1306.

What is a pogrom?

Mob violence against a group for religious or ethnic reasons.

What movement developed in response to Scholasticism, viewing it as too rigid and dogmatic?

Mysticism

What are the four attributes of prayer in Medieval Mysticism, and which is considered the most important?

Praise, Petition, Thanksgiving, and Union; Union is considered the most important.

What book contains the visions recorded by 14th-century English mystic Julian of Norwich?

"Sixteen Revelations of Divine Love"

Which Dominican nun and Doctor of the Church received the internal Stigmata on Lent in 1375?

Catherine of Siena

Which Carmelite mystic wrote "Interior Castle"?

Teresa of Avila

On what date did Padre Pio receive the visible stigmata?

September 20, 1918