Speech/Hearing Sciences Exam 1

Speech

audible, meaningful, has physical reality, has a physiological reality

Acoustic Phonetics

Branch of speech sciences that focuses on characteristics of speech sounds and their measurement

Physiological/articulatory phonetics

Branch of speech sciences that focuses on how the human body operates during speech production

Biofeedback

articulatory feedback, spectrograph feedback, pitch, loudness display feedback, delayed auditory feedback, ultrasound imaging

Parts of the tongue

tip, blade, dorsum, and root

(tongue) tip

(B)

(tongue) blade

(C)

(tongue) dorsum

(D)

(tongue) root

(E)

Sine Waves

Describe simple harmonic motion

Properties of sime waves

Oscillatory, periodic, constant, has energy at only 1 fq

Amplitude

Size of motion (how far it moves from resting pt in ea. direction) reflection of loudness or intensity

Frequency

Number of complete cycles of movement (from object resting pos. to furthest point in ea. direction & back again) in a unit of time

Period (T)

Time required to complete 1 cycle

Wavelength

• Distance of segment of the wave that keeps repeating itself

• Distance from one peak or low point to the next

• Length measurement

Velocity (V)

How fast does the wave travel?

Phase

• In Phase: cycles of 2 waves in unison

• Out of Phase: motions of 2 waves NOT in unison

• Opposite Phase: one wave at min point & other at max point

Harmonics

• Property of how VF works

  • Vibration as a whole, halves, thirds, fourths & fifths

  • Ea. are called Harmonics adding addtional complexity

  • Waves are at different frequencies

  • Creates complex wave

Source =

• VF vibration

• FF and Harmonics

Filter =

VT configuration

Formants

Resonant frequencies of the VT that help shape the sounds we hear (especially vowels)

Formant on a spectrum graph

Formants on a spectrogram

X-axis (Spectrogram)

Time

Y-axis (Spectrograph)

Intensity/Amplitude

X-axis (Spectrum graph)

Frequency (Hz)

Y-axis (spectrum graph)

Intensity/Amplitude

F1 tells us…

high/low vowel

F2 tells us…

front/back vowel

F1 _____ as tongue lowers

increases

F2 ______ with front constriction

increases