Cognitive Psychology Review: Sensation, Perception, Attention, Memory, and Thinking

Comprehensive flashcards covering key concepts in Sensation, Perception, Attention, Memory, and Thinking from the lecture transcript.

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

The minimum amount of stimulus change required for an observer to detect a difference between two stimuli.

Weber's Law

A psychological law stating that the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the original stimulus magnitude rather than a fixed physical amount.

Signal Detection Theory

A framework evaluating stimulus detection under uncertainty based on sensitivity and decision criterion, categorizing outcomes into hit, miss, false alarm, and correct rejection.

Myopia

An optical disorder of the eye, commonly known as nearsightedness, where distant objects focus in front of the retina rather than directly on it.

Hyperopia

An optical disorder of the eye, commonly known as farsightedness, where close objects focus behind the retina.

Rods and Cones

Photoreceptor cells in the retina; rods operate at low light levels and peripheral vision, whereas cones mediate color vision and high acuity in brighter light.

Lateral Inhibition

A retinal mechanism mediated by horizontal and amacrine cells where active photoreceptors suppress neighboring neural pathways, enhancing visual contrast and edges.

Young-Helmholtz's Trichromatic Theory

A theory of color vision stating that visual perception relies on three photoreceptor types (cones) selectively sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths.

Hering's Opponent Process Theory

A theory proposing color perception is driven by opposing neural pairs (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white), explaining visual afterimages and specific types of color blindness.

Optic Chiasm

An anatomical structure where optic nerve fibers from the nasal half of each retina cross over to the contralateral hemisphere of the brain.

What and Where Pathways

Dual visual cortical processing streams; the ventral pathway (what) processes object identity and color, while the dorsal pathway (where) processes spatial location and movement.

Conduction Deafness

Hearing impairment caused by physical damage or obstruction in the outer or middle ear structures (such as the eardrum or ossicles) interfering with sound conduction.

Sensorineural Deafness

Hearing impairment caused by damage to photoreceptors/hair cells in the cochlea or the auditory nerve, often managed with cochlear implants.

Volley Principle

A theory of pitch perception proposing that groups of neurons fire neural impulses in staggered out-of-phase patterns to encode frequencies exceeding individual neuron firing limits.

Ménière's Disease

An inner ear disorder disrupting kinesthetic and vestibular senses, characterized by vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of ear pressure.

Gate Control Theory

A model of pain perception where neural signals pass through a spinal cord 'gate' in the substantia gelatinosa via T cells, subject to top-down inhibition, distraction, and endorphins.

Olfaction

The sense of smell, distinguished as the only sensory modality whose primary sensory signal pathway bypasses the thalamus.

Helmholtz's Unconscious Inferences

The theory that perceptual judgments are automated, intelligent conclusions formed using prior knowledge and the likelihood principle to infer environmental causes.

Phonemic Restoration

A top-down perceptual effect where listeners hear missing speech sounds (phonemes) seamlessly restored by context when obscured by auditory noise.

Law of Prägnanz

A core Gestalt principle stating that individuals perceive visual field elements in ways that produce the simplest, most stable, and most coherent forms.

McGurk Effect

A perceptual illusion illustrating cross-modal sensory integration where conflicting visual lip movements alter the auditory sound perceived.

Dichotic Presentation and Shadowing

An experimental technique for studying selective attention where distinct audio streams are presented to each ear, and the participant synchronously repeats the target ear message.

Cocktail Party Effect

The phenomenon of focusing selective attention on a single conversation in a noisy room while retaining automated detection for salient stimuli like one's own name.

Change Blindness Blindness

A metacognitive error in which individuals mistakenly overestimate their own ability to detect major visual changes in their surroundings.

Stroop Effect

A demonstration of automated cognitive processing interference where reading a color word delays naming the ink color if the ink color and word are incongruent.

Vigilance Decrement

The gradual decline in performance and detection accuracy over prolonged periods on sustained attention tasks.

Atkinson & Shiffrin's Model of Memory

A stage model proposing that information moves sequentially through sensory memory (iconic/echoic), short-term memory, and long-term memory stores.

Short-Term Memory Capacity

The classical capacity limit of short-term memory defined as 7 \times 10^{0} \begin{cases} -2 \ +2 \text{ chunks} \text{ (or } 7 \text{ plus or minus } 2 \text{ chunks)} \text{ modulated by pronunciation time and word length.} \tag{1} \text{ simple notation: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard form: } 7 \text{ plus or minus } 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ simplified: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ formula: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunks: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk size: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk ceiling: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk window: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ chunk boundary: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ items.} \text{ 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chunk count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short-term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short-term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short-term memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short-term memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short-term memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short-term memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ count rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ range rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm count: 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\bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity measure: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span measure: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit measure: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ count measure: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ range measure: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk measure: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity norm: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span norm: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit norm: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk norm: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity norm: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity norm: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity norm: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity baseline: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span baseline: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit baseline: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk baseline: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity baseline: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity baseline: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity baseline: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity benchmark: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span benchmark: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit benchmark: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk benchmark: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity benchmark: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity benchmark: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity benchmark: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity threshold: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span threshold: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit threshold: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk threshold: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity threshold: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity threshold: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity threshold: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity ceiling: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span ceiling: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit ceiling: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk ceiling: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity ceiling: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity ceiling: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity ceiling: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ STM capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller's law capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ STM chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ STM limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard chunk limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard chunk capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard chunk span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory chunk capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory chunk span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory chunk limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm span limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short term memory capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short-term memory capacity limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity ceiling value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span ceiling value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit ceiling value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity ceiling value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span ceiling value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity ceiling value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span ceiling value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity ceiling value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span ceiling value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity norm value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span norm value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit norm value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity norm value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span norm value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity norm value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span norm value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity norm value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span norm value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity metric value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span metric value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit metric value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity metric value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span metric value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity metric value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span metric value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity metric value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span metric value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity standard value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span standard value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit standard value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity standard value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span standard value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity standard value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span standard value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity standard value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span standard value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity baseline value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span baseline value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit baseline value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity baseline value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span baseline value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity baseline value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span baseline value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity baseline value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span baseline value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity threshold value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span threshold value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit threshold value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity threshold value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span threshold value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity threshold value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span threshold value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity threshold value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span threshold value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short-term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic Miller capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic Miller span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic Miller limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory chunk capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory limit range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store limit range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store limit range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory limit standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} 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value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ rule: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ norm: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ bound: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ scale: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ level: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ extent: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ scope: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ margin: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ ceiling: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ threshold: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ baseline: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ mean: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ average: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic stm limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic short-term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard stm span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard stm limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory limit value: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit estimate: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory limit metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit metric: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm limit standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory limit standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunks: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ STM span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ STM chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ STM chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ STM capacity limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term store chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller's chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ Miller's memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term capacity standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term span standard: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard stm memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard stm memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term store chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ range: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ count: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ standard chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ classic chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ stm span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk span: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ chunk limit: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.} \text{ short-term memory capacity: } 7 \bar{+} 2 \text{ chunks.}

Baddeley's Working Memory Model

A multi-component working memory framework consisting of the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.

Serial Position Effect

The memory phenomenon where recall accuracy is highest for items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list compared to middle items.

Spreading Activation

A cognitive model of semantic network retrieval where activating one node propagates cognitive activation along connected links to associated concepts.

Generation Effect

The finding that information is better remembered when actively generated by the individual during learning rather than passively read.

Encoding Specificity Principle

The principle stating that memory retrieval is enhanced when contextual and internal state conditions at retrieval match those present during encoding.

Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve

A mathematical depiction of memory transience showing that forgetting occurs rapidly soon after learning and gradually asymptotes over time.

Retroactive Interference

A memory blocking mechanism where newly acquired information impairs the ability to retrieve previously learned information.

Proactive Interference

A memory blocking mechanism where previously learned information interferes with the encoding or retrieval of new information.

Weapon Focus Effect

An eyewitness memory phenomenon where attention is drawn to a weapon during an event, reducing feature encoding for the perpetrator's face.

Anterograde Amnesia

An organic amnesia condition characterized by an inability to form new explicit long-term memories following neurological trauma, while short-term and procedural memory remain intact.

Retrograde Amnesia

An organic amnesia condition characterized by the loss of explicit memories formed prior to the onset of brain trauma or injury.

Functional Fixedness

A cognitive bias and set effect where objects are perceived strictly in terms of their typical function, impeding problem-solving creativity.

Means-End Analysis

A problem-solving heuristic that involves setting subgoals to systematically reduce the disparity between the current state and the goal state.

Representativeness Heuristic

A mental shortcut making probability judgments based on similarity to a prototype, often leading to errors like the base rate fallacy and conjunction fallacy.

Base Rate Fallacy

A judgment bias where decision-makers ignore general statistical baseline probabilities (base rates) in favor of specific, descriptive information.

Prospect Theory

A behavioral economic theory stating that people evaluate outcomes relative to a reference point, exhibiting risk aversion for potential gains and risk seeking for potential losses.

Egas Moniz and the Leucotomy

The historical surgical procedure developed by Egas Moniz involving the severing of prefrontal white matter pathways to treat severe psychiatric and thinking disorders.

Freeman and Watts Lobotomy

A surgical psychiatric intervention adapted in the United States by Walter Freeman and James Watts, later evolved by Freeman into the transorbital 'ice pick' lobotomy.

Dysexecutive Syndrome

A cluster of cognitive deficits resulting from prefrontal cortex damage, characterized by impairments in attention, planning, strategy formulation, cognitive flexibility, and everyday functioning.

Multiple Errands Task

An ecological assessment task used to measure real-world executive functioning deficits, strategy formation, and planning impairments in everyday settings.