developmental psychology test 1 MSU ARMSTRONG

what is a child

a person undergoing the period of development from infancy to puberty

what is the order of child development

conception > prenatal period > child > puberty

what is infancy

considered the first two years of life

what is the latin word for infancy? and what does it mean?

"non speaking" meaning before or prior to formal speech

What is early childhood?

2-6 years, tons of physical changes in these years

What is middle childhood?

6-12 years, many different influence are developed in these years

What is puberty?

the process leading to sexual maturity (everyone goes through at different times)

how young can puberty start today compared to years ago

9 years old. you might look physically ready but in the inside your not.

What is adolescence?

transition period from childhood to adulthood, puberty to independence

what is optimal?

the best

is our society making life optimal

No, optimal requires effort

what is the last thing to be developed in your brain

frontal lobe

you are still considered _____ until your frontal lobe is developed

adolescence

what is development?

Orderly, adaptive changes we go through from conception to death

what two levels occur during development

qulitative and quantitatve

what are qualitative changes

1) Large fundamental (important) changes

2) Ex: A caterpillar changes into a butterfly

What are quantitive changes?

1) A change in number or amount

2) Ex: height, weight, teeth

during development what multi dimensonal domains occur

physical, cognitive, and social/ emotional

what do physical and cognitive domains ddo

they both happen simultaneously they are impacted, influnced and interacted with and by each other

what is multidirctional

gains- positive, added an indication of normal healthy development

losses- typically bad can sometimes be good. loss of weight or teeth

what is common about gains and losses

normal human development contain both, some good and some bad

sometimes plastic- neuroplasticity

- high degree of brain plasticity, early childhood

- can suffer brain damage

-compensation (brain could rewire during rehab)

development is influnced by different contexts. How?

contexts of development are unique combinations of personal and enviormental circumstances

ex; family impacts your genetics, culture, etc.

what is cohort

group of individuals expierncing something at the same time

what is a age graded change (change in context and imapcts cohort)

a change that happens when your a certain age

what is a history graded change (change in context and imapcts cohort)

great depression and covid

do growth and development mean the same thing

no

is growth qualititave or quantitative

quantitative

is development quantitative or qualitative

qualitative

why do researchers look at sex difference and gender roles?

to see how boys and girls behavior develop

ex: to see if they share toys

why do researchers study child development

they are curious and want to understand how children grow learn and behave

nature vs nurture

biology vs environment

Continuous vs. Discontinuous

Theory on whether development is gradual or whether children develop in bursts

Active vs. Passive

prewired to act on the world vs shaped by experience

Mechanistic Model (passive)

Children are like machines that react to the environmental input.

Organismic Model (Active)

Children set their own development in motion

ideal

perfectly suitable

idea

a thought or a plan

Behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events ( putting two and two together)

operant conditioning

a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced

neutral stimulus

A neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus that does not naturally trigger any particular response before learning occurs.

Example: In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell at first was a neutral stimulus because it didn’t cause salivation in the dogs before it was paired with food.

conditioned stimulus

A stimulus that doesn’t naturally trigger a response at first, but after being paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus, it comes to trigger a response.

Example: The bell in Pavlov’s experiment. Dogs don’t naturally salivate to a bell, but after repeated pairings with food, the bell triggers salivation.

conditioned response

2. Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

Example: Salivation in response to the bell. The dog learned to associate the bell with foo

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning.

Example: Food in Pavlov’s experiment. Dogs naturally salivate to food.

Key: No learning is needed — it’s automatic.

unconditioned response

The automatic, natural response to the unconditioned stimulus.

Example: Salivation when the dog sees food.

Key: It’s a reaction, not learn

whats a consequence

result to a behavior

what are the 2 kinds of reinforcment

negative and postive

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding something pleasant to encourage behavior AFTER . Ex. (giving child candy after child cleans my room)

What is negative reinforcement?

taking away something bad to increase a behavior

ex. having headache and taking medicine to get rid of the headache

what stops behavior

punishment

What is positive punishment?

adding something unpleasant after the behavior happens

ex. adding chores

what is negative punishment

taking away something good to decrease behavior

ex. ipad away, timeout

can you discplene using reinfourcment or punishment?

yes

social cognitive

people learn by observing others, and that learning is influenced by personal factors, behavior, and the environment interacting with each other.

observational learning

People can learn new behaviors by watching others, without direct experience.

Example: A child learns to share by watching a peer share toys.

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

how children think, reason, and understand the world as they grow. He believed that children are active learners, constructing knowledge through interaction with their environment.

sensorimotor

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) beleved children grew threw senses

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) before they can perform operations

Concrete Operations

Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 12 years of age

formal operational

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically and solve things on their own

cognitve growth occurs through what 3 entered related proccess

organization, adaptation, equillabiration

organization

Definition: The natural tendency to systematically arrange thoughts and experiences into coherent structures or schemas.

Example: A child organizes animals into categories like dogs, cats, and birds.

adaptation

Adjusting to the environment through interaction with new information.

Example: A child sees a zebra and must adjust their “horse” schema to include it, or create a new “zebra” schema.

Equilibration

The process of achieving balance between what is known (schemas) and new experiences.

Example: After seeing many new animals, the child organizes their understanding so they can differentiate all types correctly.

Accommodation

Adjusting or creating new schemas to fit new information.

Example: The child learns that cats are different from dogs and updates their “animal” schema.

schemas

organized patterns of behavior that a person used to think about situations and determine how to act within the situation

ex. noise level in. a class compared to a party

they can change becuase of your interaction w the enviorment as you get older

information processing theory

Information Processing Theory compares the human mind to a computer, focusing on how children take in, process, store, and retrieve information. It looks at the mechanisms of thinking rather than stages of development (unlike Piaget).

the ecological system theory : eoury bronfenbrenner

contain what

microsystem-> mesosystem-> exosystem->macrosystem->cronosystem

microsystem

immedate setting where child has direct contact (family,school, helathcare when sick)

mesosystem

child does not directly interact

exosystem

child isnt their but the descions made imacted the child (dresscode at school)

macrosystem

cultural differnces

cronosystem

changes overtime that child didnt ask for (divorce, death)

what are the research methods

nautralistic observation, case study, survey, corolation, cuase and effect

nautralistic observation

thrustworthy bc it is authenitc data

case study

in depth study of 1 case only

survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, ususally lie

Correlation

A relationship between variables, in which one variable increases as a second variable also increases or decreases

variable

a quantity that can vary from child to cild or ocassion such as height, weight, etc.

correlation coefficient

A number, ranging from +1.00 to -1.00, that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

positive coorelation

a relationship between two variables in which both variables increase together

how do we study child development

scientific method, expiremantal and control groups

experimental group

gets exposed to something or someone gets treated

control group

gets nothing done to them

independent variable (efffect)

variable that is manipulated, the thing that will make the difference (medication)

dependent variable (affect) (not people)

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. where you go to see if your thoughts were correct

methods of collecting data

clinical and structured interview

random assignment

Participants assigned randomly to groups.

longitudinal study

research that follows and retests the same people over time

6-12 years death and moving can stop this study

cross-sectional study

taking measures of children of different age groups at the same time (cohort effect)

what study is quicker, cross sectional or longitudinal

cross sectional

cohort effect

similarities in behavior among a group of peers that stem from the fact that group members were born at the same time in history

heredity

the transmission of traits and characteristics from parents to child by means of genes

gene

arranged in a specific way on the chromosone each have a specfic place, genes are made of DNA, they write our bluepring and story

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes 46 into 23 pairs

genetics

branch of biology that studies heredity

Zygote

a new cell formed from the union of a sperm and a fertilized egg

where we all begin life as a single cell (size of 1 strand of human hair) we all started as a zygote but not the same size

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome. will express themselves and sometimes wont

female is what

X