AP world un2 cram final

Where did the Silk Road start?

Started in eastern China during the Han Dynasty and reached the markets of Greece and Rome. 

What brings trade?

Stability

Along the Silk Roads, what was evidence of Stability bringing trade?

Classical civilizations developed stability, and governments in China, India, and the Mediterranean provided order and safety, allowing traders to move safely between regions

How did the trade routes develop?

Several of these specific trade networks became known as the Silk Road.

Started in Eastern China during the Han dynasty, And reached Greece and Rome over 4,000 Miles.

What mongol peace agreement made trade/traveling safer along the Silk Road

mongol peace agreement called the Pax Mongolia

Was the silk roads classified as an ancient trade route?

Yes

Why silk?

It was a luxurious fabric spun from cocoons of mulberry tree-eating worms, and the manufacturing process was a closely guarded Chinese secret.

Who did the Chinese began trading silk with? And why?

the Chinese began trading silk with central Asian nomads, and nomadic people trades horses and profited because silk was so high in demand.

Who did the most SILK manufacturing

Chinese women - had the duties of silk spinning, and reeling

Key goods traded (east to west.)

Spices, jade, porcelain, and silk

Key goods traded (West to East)

Olive oil, wine, cloth, horses, foods, precious metals, ivory, timber, and tortoise shells

What other precious goods were traded

Ivory, tortoise shells, also crossed the trade routes

Where did the ivory and tortoise shells come from

Africa

How were items traded?

Items were traded stationary to station as central Asians played key roles of middleman and carriers

Transportation along the silk roads

Camels were the preferred and main form of transport due to the difficult desert and mountainous terrain. 

Caravanserais

Inns formed along the Silk Road to provide food, water, and safety because the land did not allow for frequent rest stops. 

What did your stay at a Caravanserai include?

Hot meals, goods & camels protected and fed, and sleep

We’re Caravanserai’s everywhere?

You saw them on the Trans-Saharan routes, but not as many.

How did the villages develop?

Caravanserai’s developed into wealthy villages and settlements. Early professional merchants develop, and rulers profited from trade and create currency / credit

How did ideas spread along the Silk Road?

As merchants interacted along the trade routes, cultural traits, religious beliefs, and ideas were shared.

Contributions from India along the silk roads

Buddhism spread to the rest of Asia, Hinduism spread, and the concept of "0", the decimal system, and advanced mathematics were developed. Buddhism spreads to China and the Middle East.

Contributions from the Middle East along the silk roads

Advanced medicine and surgery, contributions to advanced algebra, and the spread of Zoroastrianism east. 

Chinese contributions along the Silk Road

Inventions of paper, the compass, and gunpowder were exposed to the rest of the world. 

Byzantine contributions along the Silk Road

Impact and decline of the Silk Roads

lives were changed by new goods and ideas, but trade also eventually spread the bubonic plague. 

How was nomadic pastoralism

Central Asian rainfall was too little to support large-scale agriculture, so nomads relied on animal herding for food, clothing, and shelter (yurts). 

How was nomadic society and government?

Clan-based with charismatic elite leaders; status was fluid and could be lost through incompetence, while meritorious commoners could advance. 

How did Nomadic and settle people interact?

Between trade links, nomadic and settled people interacted, they engage in a long distance travel

-caravan routes

What valuable thing did nomads trade?

Horses

What did nomadic peoples life look like

Large scale animal cultivation,

Under 10,000 klans, (10-29)

confederation (1m)

What did Nomadic Societies governance look like?

Clan-based with charismatic elite leaders; status was fluid and could be lost through incompetence, while meritorious commoners could advance. 

Gender relations of Nomadic Societies

Women wielded considerable influence, acting as advisors and occasionally as regents or rulers. 

Eg. mom could be a regent by ruling in place of her son’s name in inheritance.

Nomadic Societies and their religion

Shamans were the center of pagan worship, but nomads later converted to Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, and Manichaeism. 

Military organizations of nomads

Large confederations led by a khan, featuring exceptionally strong, mobile, and fast cavalries. Authority extended throughout a tribal elder.

What skills did the nomads have?

They were deadly accurate with short bow on horse.

What technologies slowly made nomads loose advantages?

The development of gunpowder and cannons

Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid empire

From 8th to 10th century, they were in the boarder of the Abbasid empire.Dominated the Abbasid caliphs (with Tughril Beg recognized as sultan in 1055) and defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The caliphs serve as figureheads.

Salijuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire

Defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 (taking the emperor captive), leading to a large-scale invasion of Anatolia and many conversions to Islam. Constantinople is later conquered by the ottomans in 1453

Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhi

Invasion of Northern India by the Sultanate of Delhi, the Turkish Ghaznavid of Afghanistan. First they plundered, but later on they began to rule and by the 13th century, northern India was completely dominated.

Who did the Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhi persecute?

Buddhists and Hindus

Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the making of the Mongol empire

Born in 1167, he overcame early poverty after his father's assasination, mastered steppe diplomacy, united all Mongol tribes into one confederation, and was proclaimed "universal ruler" in 1206. 

Mongol political organization

Broke up traditional tribal organization to form military units from mixed tribes, promoted officials based on merit and loyalty, and established a capital at Karakorum. 

Mongol arms

A small population (under 1% of China) fielded a fierce army of 100,000–125,000 using cavalry and short bows; rewarded enemies who surrendered and were cruel to those who fought.

Mongol conquests

Conquered northern China by 1220, Afghanistan, and Persia (ravaging lands and destroying qanat irrigation systems after the Kwarazm shah murdered envoys). 

What did the Mongols do after Kwarazm Shah Murdered Mongol envoys?

Chinggis Khan personally perused shah to his death, then the mongols ravaged the land to prevent future rebellions, they made large scale and long term detestation, and destroyed the qanat irrigation system that took 100 years for Persia to recover.

Khubilai Khan (r.1264-1294)

Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China, established the Yuan dynasty (lasting to 1368), and was religiously tolerant despite failed invasions of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Japan (turned back by kamikaze typhoons).

When did Khublai Khan Attempt to Invade Japan?

1274, and 1281

Why couldn’t Khublai Khan invade Japan? What were the Typhoons called

Because of Typhoons Khublai khan was turned back, the Japanese called them ‘Kamikaze’ ( “Divine Winds”)

The Golden Horde

Conquered Russia between 1237–1241, establishing a tributary relationship that lasted into the 15th century alongside raids into Poland, Hungary, and Germany

The Ilkhanate of Persia

Established after Hülegü sacked Baghdad in 1258 (massacring 200,000), though expansion into Syria was checked by Egyptian forces. 

Mongol Rule in Persia

The mongol rule in Persia was SPECIFIC FOR PERSIA ONLY

Inexperienced nomads relied on existing bureaucratic administrations to deliver tax revenues and eventually assimilated into the Islamic lifestyle. 

Mongol rule in china

Strove to maintain strict separation (intermarriage and studying the Mongol language were forbidden for Chinese), imported foreign administrators (Arabs and Persians), but tolerated religious freedoms. 

Mongols and Buddhism

While shamanism remained popular, Lamaist Buddhism from Tibet gained strength due to its magical elements and view of khans as incarnations of the Buddha. 

The Mongols and Eurasian integration

Experience with long distance trade, Mongols protected traveling merchants which increased volume of trade across Central Asia. Diplomatic missions protected, missionary activities increased, and the Mongol resettlement policies. This facilities a massive spread of technology and transfer of methods and ideas.

What does AP love about Mongols and Eurasian Integration?

Interactions between societies and humans are more than just war. Technology, Religon, and trade happens more with peace. Mongols realize once they control all of Asia - they control mainly all of silk roads, the volume of trade goes up. mongols LOVE long distance trade

What was the Mongol peace agreement called?

The Pax Mongolia

Decline of Mongols in Persia

Caused by overspending, overburdened peasantry, failed attempts to introduce paper currency in the 1290s, and factional fighting until the last ilkhan died without an heir in 1335. 

Decline of the Yuan Dynasty

Caused by overspending bullion, loss of public confidence in paper money, sharp price rises, power struggles in the 1320s, the spread of the bubonic plague in the 1330s–1340s, and a peasant rebellion in 1368. 

Surviving Mongol Khanates

The Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia and the Golden Horde in the Caucasus/steppes continued to pose threats to China and Russia

Tamerlane (ca.1336-1405) and the Timurids

A Turkic-Mongol conqueror who built an empire with its capital in Samarkand before dying in 1405; his poorly organized empire split into four regions but heavily influenced the Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman empires.

The foundation of the Ottoman Empire

Founded by Osman in Anatolia after he declared independence in 1299. Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople in 1453, renaming it Istanbul and turning it into the Ottoman capital.

What was the Trans Saharan Trade routes trading?

Gold and salt

What was the trans Saharan popular for

Camel saddles (camels useless till proper saddles)

What were the 3 major African kingdoms?

Ghana,Mali.Songhai

Ottoman conquests

Conquests in the Balkan’s (1350s)

Local support for ottoman invasions. Peasants were unhappy with fragmented ineffective Byzantine rule

Tamerlane defeated ottoman forces in 1402, but ottomans recovered by 1440s

Capture of Constantinople

Sultan Mehmed II sacked the city, and renamed instantibul, capital of the Ottoman Empire, ottomans quickly absorbed remainder of Byzantine empire and continued to expand.

What was an achievement of the Indian Ocean basin

Bringing people together

What are specifics to the Indian Ocean basin

Dhows, and junks, compass (south pointing needle), moonson wind patterns.

How did the Indian Ocean trade basin work

Arab and Chinese traders sailed open waters to get spices from Southeast Asia, while Indians anchored the center of the ocean and Swahili merchants strictly managed the African coastline.

Where would rice and lumber typically be traded

In the Indian Ocean tr

What would gold, precious gems, spices, and silk be traded?

On land routes and camels

What were the 3 trade routes?

Indian Ocean, trans Saharan, and Silk Road

What items would typically be traded along the Silk Road versus the Indian Ocean

The Silk Road would have light weight and durable luxury goods, whilst the Indian Ocean basin had timber rice and luxury goods.

What are the 2 major nomadic groups?

Mongols and the Turks

What religions did the 2 major nomadic groups adopt?

Turks adopted Islam, the mongols were religiously tolerant but favored Islam

Why was the sultanate of Delhi weak?

They relied on kings for support, never made it past northern India, 19/35 of them were assassinated

What was Mongol military popular for? Calvaries and Short bows

Why did the Mongols struggle in Vietnam

The jungle neutralized their advantages

What caused the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty (or great Khanate)

Inflation from spending, and the bubonic plague

What were the four Khanates?

Yuan Dynasty (or the Great Khanates), Ilkhanate of Persia, The Golden Horde, and the Chagatai Khanate

Who was the last great nomad conqueror?

Tamerlane

How did the Mongols impact Eurasian integration?

Resettlement program, trade was safer. Courier networks and diplomatic missions.

Along with being religiously tolerant

What was important about the Mongols impact on Eurasian Intergratiom

Trade speeds up, and modernization

What is feudalism

The reciprocal legal and military obligations among the three estates of Europe (Clergy, Nobility, Peasants - 98%)

How many of people were peasants in medieval times?

98%

Feudal hierarchy

King , Vassal (subordinate) Lords (have authority) , Knights (military) , Serfs / Villein (laborers). 

What is a Villen?

Mid level serf

What is Omage?

A ritual - lords kneeled in front of king pledging loyalty.

Serf vs. Villein

Serfs have labor tied to the land (no leaving without permission); villeins are mid-level serfs

Pros of Feudalism

Stability, everyone has a role and responsibility, after the fall of the Roman Empire Europe needed stability

Cons of feudalism

No place for education, it falls out of practice, no need to read or write, so education deteriorates, and no need to travel anywhere, so zero long distance trading and zero cultural transfer along with zero social mobility, if you were born poor you stayed poor.

Where did feudalism last longer

Lasted longer in Eastern Europe than Western Europe.

Fief

Land grant. 

Manor

Land surrounding a lord's land.

Fealty

Pledge of allegiance. 

Demesne

Land reserved for the lord's personal use. 

Open Field System

Each manor had 2–3 fields (hundreds of acres each) divided into strips; responsibility of peasants/serfs; required cooperation; later replaced with enclosure ownership. 

Decline of Feudalism:

Declined in Western Europe as cities grew; final straw was the Black Death; lasted longer in Eastern Europe than Western Europe. 

Horse Collar (8th century):

Allowed farming of more plots of land.

Heavy Plow (6th century)

Placed more pressure for an additional plow.