EFB 352 Exam 2

What are some ideas that explain why being holometabolous is so successful?

- reduce food competition, especially for Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera

- separate predators/parasites/pathogens

- reduced immature life spans - longer reproductive phase

What is the largest Hymenoptera family in terms of described species?

Ichneumonidae

What are hamuli? Who has them (what order)?

little hooks that hold the HW to the FW, Order Hymenoptera

Describe what arrhenotoky is. What order?

Hymenoptera. Males are haploid, females are diploid, females can deposit an egg, and it will be male or can deposit an egg and sperm from a previous copulation event and it will be female.

In general, Order Hymenoptera has ____________ mouthparts.

Chewing

"Symphyta" is in quotes... Why would that be? Also, who is included in this group?

Symphyta is paraphyletic. Broad waisted Hymenopterans, Sawflies and Horntails

Larvae within "Symphyta" are ___________ and have __________ heads and ___________ stemma

phytophagous, rounded, one

Family ___________ are common sawflies and they are foliage feeders

Tenthredinidae

Family _____________ are horntails and they have ____________ larvae

Siricidae, eruciform

What does eruciform larva even mean?

look like little maggots

Suborder Apocrita have a distinct feature that unites them. What is it?

Wasp waist

Which Suborder is known for the "wasp waist"? What is the benefit of this feature?

Suborder Apocrita. Allows them to twist and turn gastor to move position/direction of ovipositor (greater maneuverability)

Family ____________ are cuckoo wasps and they are kleptoparasites

Chrysididae

About how many times did eusociality evolve in insects?

about 20 times

"Parasitica" falls within which Suborder of Hymenoptera?

Suborder Apocrita

Family _______________ is likely the largest family of insects (and animals) on the planet

Ichneumonidae

Family Ichneumonidae has a distinct cell in their FW that like a _______________

Horsehead

This family within Hymenoptera is favored as biological control agents

Ichneumonidae

Similar to Family Ichneumonidae, Family _______________ uses polydnaviruses to evade the host immune system

Braconidae

This family is known for polyembryony. Also, what the heck does that mean?

Family Braconidae, multiple embryos in one egg

Spotlight: family Braconidae can not only have polyembryony, but also polyphenism. What is polyphenism?

Different types of wasp larvae from SAME GENETIC MATERIAL

Family _______________ are considered living fossils and they parasitize scarab beetle larvae

Pelecinidae

Family Pelecinidae is not very speciose, there is only __ species in North America and ___ worldwide

1, 3

Family ___________ have a broad host range, enlarged hind tibia and some can be hyperparasitoids

Chalcididae

What are the two very successful parasitoid families that have evolved relationships with polydnavirsues?

Ichneumonidae and Braconidae

Family Vespidae are within Aculeata or "Symphyta"

Aculeata

Family __________ have a notch in inner margin of eye

Vespidae

Family ___________ are velvet ants and they have a painful sting and often can be ID by a "felt line"

Mutillidae

Family Mutillidae are true ants, TRUE OR FALSE??

FALSE - they are not really ants, ants are family Formicidae

This family is sexually dimorphic, sometimes fuzzy and has larvae that are ectoparasitoids

Family Mutillidae

Family _____________ are spider wasps and they have long spiny legs, curly antennae and move with nervous energy

Family Pompilidae

This family hunts spiders, paralyzes them and takes them underground

Family Pompilidae

Family ____________ have a lobed petiole, elbowed antennae and are eusocial

Family Formicidae

Family ___________ display polyphenism and are eusocial without exception

Formicidae

Family ______________ are thread-waisted wasps and they are extra skinny

Family Specidae

Don't invite this wasp family to the party, they are solitary and their prey are eaten alive by their larvae (also what is that called?)

Family Sphecidae, provision larvae

What are some traits of families within clade Anthophila?

TRUE BEES

- branched or plumose hairs

- mesotibial comb

- mouthparts can be modified for taking nectar

Family ______________ are sweat bees and OH NO they superficially look like Family Chrysididae

Halictidae

This family is polylectic, ground nesters in clay or sandy banks of streams and can be metallic or black and brown

Family Halictidae

Define polylectic

collect pollen from a lot of different, unrelated plants

Family ___________ are honeybees, bumblebees, carpenter bees and cuckoo bees

Family Apidae

Members of Family Apidae have their pollen accumulating structure where?

On 3rd set of legs

This family can look similar to Family Apidae, but they collect pollen using a scopa

Family Megachilidae

Who are in Family Megachilidae?

leaf-cutter bees, mason bees

What orders fall within clade Neuropteroida?

Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Rhaphidioptera

This order includes the dobsonflies and alderflies

Order Megaloptera

Order Megaloptera have what kind of mouthparts as adults

chewing mandibles

The larvae of Order Megaloptera are aquatic and occupy what kind of niche

generalist predators

Order Neuroptera name means

nerve-wing

Mouthparts of larvae from Order Neuroptera

sucking-mandibulate mouthparts

Order Neuroptera pupate in silk from __________ tubules and have a ____________ larval midgut

Malpighian, blind

What exactly does it mean to have a blind mid gut?

when they pupate and eclose from pupa, release all fecal matter

who are Family Myrmeleontidae

antlions and owlflies

Family Myrmeleontidae is the most speciose family of Order ______________

Neuroptera

What are doodle bugs?

antlion larvae, active predators

Family Chrysopidae who

green lacewings

Family Chrysopidae are used as biocontrol for what kind of pest?

aphids

This family includes some species who carry debris on their backs (trashbugs) and are used as bioindicators for monsoon season

Family Chrysopidae

Adults in Family Chrysopidae have a _______________ to avoid bats

tympana

Order _____________ are sister to Coleoptera and are twisted-wing parasites

Strepsiptera

Order Strepsiptera are considered parasitoids, why?

sterilize hosts

Order Strepsiptera have ____________ larvae that go through _________________

planidia, hypermetamorphosis

This order has neotenic females and do traumatic insemination and eggs eat the mother from the inside

Order Strepsiptera

What is a method Order Strepsiptera use to make sure the host doesn't recognize the larvae?

When larvae find host, digest their way through the abdomen and use host epidermis to cover larvae so host doesn't recognize it

Order Coleoptera enabling mechanism

elytra that cover and protect HW

This order has the most described species

Order Coleoptera

Order Coleoptera has ______________ mouthparts

chewing

Campodeiform larvae

active, predatory

Elateriform larvae (wireworms)

elongate, tough cuticle

Scarabaeiform

grub-like, obese, c-shaped

What is hypermetamorphosis?

Multiple larval stages that are behaviorally distinct - active planidia larvae first then later they become grub-like and sedentary

Suborder Adephaga make up ___ percent of beetles and they are largely predaceous

10

Beetles in suborder Adephaga have ____________ larvae

campodeiform

Family Carabidae are in suborder ____________ and so they have ________________ larvae

Adephaga, campodeiform

This family in suborder Adephaga use chemical warfare

Carabidae

There is a lizard mimic that looks like beetles in this family

Carabidae

This family comprises the predaceous diving beetles

Dytiscidae

This family's larvae are called water tigers

Dytiscidae

Family ____________ have an elytral cavity that holds air and they put their butts up to the surface of the water

Dytiscidae

Family ____________ are predaceous water beetles and they go on land to pupate

Dytiscidae

Family ____________ are whirligig beetles and they have predaceous aquatic larvae

Gyrinidae

Family _____________ and ____________ are both oval-shaped aquatic beetles in Suborder Adephaga

Gyrinidae, Dytiscidae

Family Gyrinidae have a feature that easily distinguishes them from Family Dytiscidae

divided eyes (kinda freaky looking)

Suborder Polyphaga make up ____ percent of beetles and they are polyphagous

90

Family Staphylinidae are ______________

rove and burying beetles

Family _____________ is the largest family of described species of any animal

Staphylinidae

Family Staphylinidae can produce the most complex beetle toxin which is called

paederin

This family produces paederin, has very short elytra, and are good fliers

Staphylinidae

This species (common name) in family Staphylinidae has been extirpated in a lot of places, and were considered endangered but are now deregulated (probably for suspicious reasons)

American burying beetle

Spotlight: American burying beetle, factors associated with decline

habitat loss/change, loss or decline of right-sized carcasses (passenger pigeon, greater prairie chicken, bobwhite, turkey), pesticide use, loss of apex predators

Family Scarabaeidae have _______________ larvae

scarbideiform (duh)

Family Scarabaeidae have ______________ antennae with _______-like lobes and often have an obvious scutellum

clubbed, plate

This family is the metallic wood-boring or jewel beeltes

Buprestidae

Family Buprestidae larvae are

flat-headed borers

Spotlight: emerald ash borer (Buprestidae) probably come in how?

on wood packing materials

Click beeltes/wireworms

Family Elateridae

Most beetles in Family Elateridae eat what

they are phytophagous

Why are they called click beetles?

Elongated pronotum allows them to jump and it makes a very loud clicking sound

Family Elateridae larvae

wireworms, economically important, large mandibles

Family Lampyridae are who

lightning beetles