applied sports nutrition

Antipromoters

Deter initiation or progression of chronic diseases

Cytokines

Exercise stimulates release of small proteins from muscle cells known

Doping

Use of pharmaceutical agents to enhance performance in sport has been prohibited by the governing bodies of most organized sports

Epidemiological research

Study large populations to find relationships between two variables; for example, dietary fat and heart disease

Epigenetics

Field of research involving the role of the epigenome

Epigenome

A multitude of specialized chemical compounds that influence the human genome by activating or deactivating DNA and subsequent genetic and cellular activity

Ergogenic aids

a means to increase potential for work output

experimental research

Essential to establishing a cause and effect relationship

health-related fitness

focuses on the five key components of physical well-being that help you perform daily tasks with vigor and lower your risk of chronic illness

high-intensity interval training

an exercise strategy that alternates short bursts of very hard exercise with short rest or recovery periods

malnutrition

• Undernutrition

• Overnutrition

meta-analysis

combines data from multiple independent studies to calculate a single, quantitative summary effect of a specific food, nutrient, or dietary pattern on a health outcome

nutrient

a specific substance found in food that performs one or more physiological or biochemical functions in the body

nutrition

is the sum total of processes involved in the intake and utilization of food substances by living organisms, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, and metabolism of nutrients in food

Prudent Healthy Diet

Balance the food you eat with physical activity to maintain or achieve a healthy body weight. Consume only moderate food portions. Be physically active every day

risk factor

A lifestyle behavior associated with a given disease

Sedentary Death Syndrome

Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases

sports nutrition

The application of nutritional principles to enhance sports performance

structured physical activity

planned program of physical activities designed to improve fitness; Moderate to vigorous exercise such as brisk walking

Unstructured physical activity

activities of daily living; Leisurely walking and cycling, climbing stairs, dancing, gardening and yard work, domestic and occupational activities, and games

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

The AMDR is defined as a range of intakes for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients

Adequate Intake

The AI is a recommended daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people

complementary proteins

it is important for the vegetarian to eat protein foods that complement each other so that all the essential amino acids are obtained in the diet.

• Nuts and bread.

• Rice and beans

Daily Value

Represents how much of a specific nutrient you should obtain in your daily diet

empty kcals

Once food group needs are met, people can make up remaining kcal by selecting foods that are sources of empty kcal (added sugars, solid fats, alcohol)

essential nutrients

cannot be produced in adequate quantities in the body and must come from the diet.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

represents a nutrient intake that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a life-stage/sex group.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

The EER is an estimate of the amount of energy needed to sustain requirements for daily physical activity

Exchange System

grouping of foods developed by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Diabetes Association, and others

Functional foods

contain food components, not considered nutrients in the traditional sense, that may provide positive health benefits.

health claims

or foods that have significant scientific evidence supporting the claim

nutraceuticals

products derived from food sources that provide extra health benefits, general well-being promotion, or disease prevention beyond basic nutrition

ovolactovegetarians

plant, dairy, eggs

lactovegetarians

dairy, plants

phytonutrients

like antioxidants,

Recommended Dietary Allowance

represents the average daily dietary intake that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 percent to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a life-stage/sex group

adenosine triphosphate atp

Energy in the body is available for immediate use; Complex molecule constructed with high-energy bonds, which, when split by enzyme action, can release energy rapidly for a number of body processes

Aerobic glycolysis

oxidation of muscle glycogen and blood glucose

Aerobic lipolysis

oxidation of muscle triglycerides and blood free fatty acids

anabolism

Building-up process, constructive metabolism

Catabolism

Tearing-down process, disintegration of body compounds.

Lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolysis)

Cannot be used directly as a source of energy for muscular contraction; can help replace ATP rapidly when necessary

ATP-PCr system (phosphagen system)

ATP stored in the muscles rapidly releases energy when an electrical impulse arrives in the muscle

basal energy expenditure BEE

Basal metabolism over 24-hour period

basal metabolic rate MBR

Energy needed to stay alive when awake.

Only sleeping metabolic rate is lower.

Calorie

the most common way to express energy; in most of the world, the kilojoule

calorimetry

measures heat production in the body which is proportional to energy expenditure

Direct calorimetry

bomb calorimeter or room calorimeter

Indirect calorimetry

based on O2 consumption and CO2 production

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) myalgic encephalomyelitis

• Viral illnesses.

• Sleep disturbances.

• Immune system dysfunction.

• Excessive mental stress.

• Prolonged overwork

crossover concept

• Fat is major energy source at low-intensity exercise.

• Carbohydrate becomes major energy source at higher-intensity levels

dietary-induced thermogenesis DIT

Metabolic rate is elevated after a meal

electron transfer system

a series of protein complexes and organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons through redox reactions to generate a proton gradient for ATP production

energy

the capacity to do work

ergometer

an exercise machine or device that measures the amount of work, effort, or physical power a person generates during a workout

exercise metabolic rate EMR

the number of calories your body burns while doing intentional physical activity or workouts

glycolysis

the cellular process that breaks down a sugar molecule to create usable energy

Krebs cycle

a chemical loop inside cells that breaks down food molecules to harvest energy

lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolysis).

Cannot be used directly as a source of energy for muscular contraction; can help replace ATP rapidly when necessary

maximal oxygen uptake

Oxygen energy system

metabolic aftereffects of exercise metabolism

Exercise raises the metabolic rate during exercise but also keeps the REE elevated during recovery

Metabolic equivalents METs

measures exercise intensity and energy expenditure to help you balance your daily nutrition and calorie intake

nonexercise activity thermogenesis NEATs

the energy expended for everything we do that is not sleeping, eating, or structured sports-like exercise

Onset of blood lactic acid (OBLA)

lactate threshold, steady-state threshold

phosphocreatine PCr

high-energy phosphate compound, it is also found in the tissues in small amounts

Physical Activity Level PAL

the TDEE divided by the BEE over a 24-hour period

Power

work/time

Resting energy expenditure REE

Resting metabolism over 24-hour period

active transport

the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, using cellular energy