Chapter 17 - The Protestant Reformation, and other stuff I guess.

Hi. This is less detailed than last week (290 Flashcards skull) because I think the quizzes are getting easier and also I like don't have that much time bc PSAT and other stuff. skull.

The action or process of changing an institution or practice; 16th century reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church

Reformation

people of a high social class or position based on birth or inheritance

gentry

a papal grant of remission of temporal punishment while awaiting absolution in purgatory

indulgence

derived from or relating to the office or authority of the Pope

papacy

high risk investment based on conjecture rather than concrete knowledge

speculative

a divine foreordaining of what will happen, especially as it relates to salvation

predestination

a piece of unexpected good fortune, often monetary

windfall

a set of ideas, motives, or devices that justify or form the basis of something

underpinnings

to cause to coexist in harmony, make or show to be compatible

reconcile

By the end of the two centuries following Columbus’ voyage, _______ political institutions and economic interests had grown stronger, while, ___ and new ___ churches were weakness by religious wars.

secular, Catholic, Protestant

These two things also posed a threat to Christianity’s long domination of European intellectual life.

Scientific Revolution, first stages of the Enlightenment

In the Islamic world, the rivalries between the ___ and ___ empires intensified the split between ___ and ___ Islam.

Ottoman, Safavid, Sunni, Shia

In Southeast Asia, the interactions between Hinduism and Islam brought forth ___.

Sikhism

In 1500, the ___ held an unrivaled position as Europe’s preeminent religious and intellectual authority despite the prevalance of ___ within it.

Papacy, Corruption

During the Renaissance, the church leadership intended the size and splendor of the new ____ in Rome to glorify God, but the vast costs of its construction caused scandal.

Saint Peter’s Basilica

The overseer of the design and financing of Saint Peter’s Basilica was Pope ___, a member of the ___ family.

Leo X, Medici

____ saw the sale of indulgences as hopelessly corrupt.

Martin Luther

Luther loved Money and marriage and could not thionk of engaging in a monastic life of prayer, self-denial, and study. True or False.

False

Luther found personal consolation in a passage from ___ in his religious quest

Saint Paul’s Epistle

Luther did not try to reform the Catholic Church from the inside. True or False.

False

Luther burned the papal ___ of condemnation, rejected the Pope’s authority, and began the ____.

bull, Protestant Reformation

Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was through faith in ____.

Jesus Christ

According to Luther, Christian faith should be based on the word of ___ and the ___, not on the authority of the ___.

God, Bible, Pope

Martin Luther used the ___ to spread his ideas, winning him the support of powerful ___ through nationalist portrayal of Italians stealing their money to glorify Rome.

Printing Press, Germans

This well-educated Frenchman also became a prominent Protestant leader, generally agreeing with Luther but disagreeing on the idea that human faith alone could merit salvation - instead, salvation was granted to those God “predestined”

John Calvin

Calvinist congregations ___ their own governing committess and created regional and national ___ (councils) to regulate doctrinal issues.

elected, synods

Calvinist churches were super ostentatious with lots of statues, many musical instruments, stained glass windows, etc. True or False

False

Most Protestants rejected the medieval tradition of ___ priests and nuns and advocated for Christian Marriages for all adults.

Celibate

In 1545, the Catholic Church called the ___ to discuss reforming the Church, but political events and an outbreak of typhus disrupted it.

Council of Trent

In 1547, another council, replacing the Council of Trent, was held in this city.

Bologna

In 1551 and between Jan. 1562 and December 1563 this event was held again and they finally finished the real thing… Its like weird.

Council of Trent

Holy Roman Emperor who made progress in reforming the Catholic Church in 1547 difficult.

Charles V

In Catholicism, salvation is achieved through ___ and ___

faith, good works

After the council of Trent, Bishops had to reside in their ___.

dioceses

In 1540, this religious order was created by Ignatius of Loyola (Also known as the Society of Jesus) - helping stem the Protestant tide.

Jesuits

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation, clarifying Catholic theology and reforming clerical training and discipline.

Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Reformation is also called the

Counter Reformation

Protestants and Catholics fought no wars over religion - true or false.

False

The rulers of ___ and ___ were the primary defenders of the Catholic tradition.

Spain, France

Spain’s enormous windfall of Western Hemisphere Bullion went to economic development, not fighting wars against Protestants. True or False

False

In 1588, this thing was destroyed.

Spanish Armada

Son of Charles V who continued his disastrous policies.

Philip II

In 1609, Spain was forced to recognize the independence of this colony of theirs (so sad, at least for me.)

The Netherlands

This dynasty of France gained the upper hand in their wars of religion.

Valois

This prince of the Valois ultimately accepted the Catholic faith to maintain National Unity. (also he’s the IV of his name in France.)

Henry of navarre

By this edict, Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) granted religious freedom to Protestant Supporters in France.

Edict of Nantes

This French King revoked the religious freedom of Protestants given by his grandfather with the Edict of Fontainebleu.

Louis XIV

“Sun King” of France who said “I am the State”

Louis XIV

____ of England failed to obtain a Papal annulment to _____, who had failed to give him any heirs.

Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon

The Archbishop of ___ annulled Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon and Parliament made the king head of an autonomous ____.

Canterbury, Church of England

Unllike other Protestant rulers, Henry did not use his controversy to strengthen his authority and fatten his pocketbook by closing monasteries and convents and seizing their lands - True or Falsae

False

in 1603, Calvinists petitioned the first ___ King, ____ the I to weakn hierarchy in the Anglican Church and do away with bishops.

Stuart, James

Religious orthodoxy was stronger in villages than cities. True or False

False

In early modern Europe, the spread of belief in white and black magic led Protestants and catholics to engage in ___.

witch hunts

The two distinct traditions which set out the prevailing European ideas about the natural world were:

A) An enduring belief in magic and spirits passed down from Pre-Christian times and biblical teachings

B) The divide between Muggles and Magicians, where the commonfolk were Muggles and the high priests were Magicians and we should listen to them

C) An enduring belief in magic and spirits from the Bible and the teachings of the Bible

D) The animist idea that spirits rest within all things in the natural world and should be respected, lest they loose their magic upon one.

A

Christian teaching about miracles, saints, and devils coincided easily with beliefs about magic, sorcery, and witchcraft rooted in the distant past in Europe. True or False

True

In November 1755, an ___ destroyed much of ___, the capital of ___, which was seen as a punishment sent by ___.

earthquake, Lisbon, Portugal, God`

According to the Hebrew Bible, ___ was destroyed due to the sinfulness of its citizens.

Sodom

The initial waves of mass witch hunts began in protestant regions of ___ in the last decades of the sixteenth century

Germany

Before the hysteria surrounding witches ended, Catholic and Protestant authorities collectively tried approximately ___ people and executed ____, ___ of which were ___.

100,000, 600,000, 3/4ths, women

These two German city states had local princes which condoned and promoted the trials, contributing to hundreds of deaths including children in the 1620s and 30s.

Wurzburg and Bamberg

The English three times more witches than the Scots. Change the bolded word to make this statement true.

less

The judges of the Parlement of ___ mandated appeals of convictions for witchcraft. Similarly, in __, the more egalitarian and decentralized government limited executions.

Paris, Holland

The rise in witchcraft accusations and executions coincided with a period of:

A) Rising social tensions

B) Growing rural poverty

C) Environmental crises

D) The mass violence of the wars of the Reformation period

E) All of the Above

E

Before the Scientific Revoltuion, the greatest authority on physics was ___

Aristotle

According to Aristotle, the surface of the earth was composed of ___ and ___, while the atmsphere was made up of ___ and ___.

earth, water, air, fire

According to Aristotle, the planets, sun, moon, and stars were so light and pure that they floated in ___ spheres.

crystalline

Beginning in the ___ century, the ______ started, emphasizing a new form of inquiry that included rigorous experimentation, observation, and math.

sixteenth, Scientific Revolution

Most of the participants in the Scientific Revolution were non-religous and sought to disprove religious beliefs. True or False

False

Eventually, European intellectual life became more and more secular and independent during the progress of the Scientific Revolution. True or False

True

Polish Monk and mathematician who helped initiate the Scientific Revolution by proposing that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. He delayed the publication of his work till the end of his life to avoid controversy.

Nicholas Copernicus

Copernicus’ theory of the universe is termed:

Heliocentrism

This Danish astronomer strengthened and improved on Copernicus’ model, showing that the planets moved in elliptical, not circular, orbits.

Tycho Brahe

Tycho Brahe’s German assistant was this man.

Johannes Kepler

The most brilliant of the Copernicans was the Italian ___, who, in 1609, built a telescope through which he could look more closely at the heaven, thus confirming empirically the speculations of other astronomers.

Galileo Galilei

Protestants were more successful than Catholics in suppressing the spread of scientific advancements (specifically heliocentrism). True or False

False

Copernicus’ book was classified as ___ by Catholic Authorities in 1616.

heretical

In 1582, Pope ____ issued a more accurate ___ based on Copernicus’ discoveries, and we still use it today!

Gregory XIII, calendar

In 1633, Galileo was ordered before the ___ and was formed to recite and then sign a formal ___ of his research (because they threatened to torture him)

Inquisition, renunciation

Despite opposition from religious and secular authorities, ____ spread the new scientific ideas across Europe.

Printed books

French philosopher and mathematician who furthered the development of physics and calculus when he demonstrated the usefulness of algebra to geometry.

Rene Descartes

English intellectual who advocated tirelessly for the usefulness of the experimental method - one of the founders of modern chemistry, developing an effecttive vacuum pump and demonstrating the necessity of air for the transmission of sound.

Robert Boyle

In 1662, this organization was founded (in part by Robert Boyle) to promote science - its motto is Nullius in Verba” which means ___.

Royal Society, nothing in words

English mathematician who began his work and optics and mathematics, building on the work of Boyle and Descartes. He also developed a law of gravity and developed calculus, serving as president of the Royal Society from 1703 to his death. Apple on head (not true).

Isaac Newton

The principal pioneers of the Scientific Revolution, including the Catholics Galileo and Descartes as well as the Protestant Boyle, were doubtful that scientific discoveries and revealed religion could be reconciiled. Change the word in bold to make this statement true.

convinced

A philosophical movement in eighteenth century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics

Enlightenment

The leading french thinker Francois-Marie d’Arouet, better known as _____ (his pen name), wrote Candide and also stated “No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for.” (example of early enlightenment thinking)

Voltaire

Charles V belonged to this dynasty.

Habsburgs

HRE assembly in which Charles V defended Catholic doctirine while German princes opposed it.

Imperial Diet

In 1546, the ____ occurred, draining Charles V’s Treasury and limited his ability to defeat the territorial ambitions of the ___ in the ____ (the grammar is weird yeah but its directly from the textbook idk man).

German Wars of Religion, Ottomans, Mediterranean

In 1555, Charles the V signed the ____, recognizing the right of the German Princes to choose whether Catholicism or Lutheranism would prevail in their states. He also accepted the Protestant Prince’s seizure of Church lands.

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg effectively put off _______ for three centuries. (the blank is three words)

German political unification

Philip II, Charles son, married ____, but she died, leading to the ascension of _____ to the English throne and permanently ending the Dynastic connection between England and Spain.

Mary I, Elizabeth I

Mary I was also called “_____”

Bloody Mary

In 1580, Phillip II inherited the throne of ___.

Portugal

Phillip the Second was really good with money and he only fought 1 person at a time, not the Protestants, the English, and the Ottomans all at once… There were no bankruptcies during his campaign. True or False

False

By 1600, Spain’s ____ controlled 97% of the land.

Aristocracy

Spain owned these parts of Italy: (there are four..)

The south, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia

In 1588, Phillip II tried to invade ___.

England