Chapters 33 Obj jc

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining a steady internal state

What is Thermoregulation?

Body temperature regulation

What are Ectotherms?

Regulate body temperature by external means

What are Endotherms?

Regulate body temperature by internal means

What are four ways that heat is gained or lost?

Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Evaporation

What are five adaptations to balance heat gain and loss?

Metabolic heat production, Insulation, Circulatory adaptations, Evaporate cooling, Behavioral responses

What is Osmoregulation?

How organisms maintain salt/water balance

What are Osmoconformers?

Conform to environment’s salt/water balance

What are Osmoregulators?

Regulate their salt/water balance

Are most marine invertebrates osmoconformers or osmoregulators?

Osmoconformers

Are most terrestrial vertebrates osmoconformers or osmoregulators?

Osmoregulators

What are the three terms of tonicity, and what do they mean?

Isotonic, same amount of solutes
Hypotonic, less solutes
Hypertonic, more solutes

Why do most saltwater fishes continually drink seawater?

To remove extra salt through their gills because they lose water by osmosis

Why do most freshwater fishes continually excrete dilute urine?

To remove extra water because water constantly enters their bodies by osmosis

What is Excretion? (General definition)

Removal of metabolic wastes

From what two sources do nitrogen-containing metabolic waste products come?

Proteins and Nucleic Acids

In what form is the nitrogenous waste of most Aquatic animals, Mammals, and Birds?

Aquatic, ammonia
Mammals, urea
Birds, uric acid

What is the advantage of releasing ammonia as an Aquatic organism?

Uses little energy and quickly diluted by water

What is the advantage of releasing uric acid as a Bird?

Saves water and less toxic inside the egg

What are two functions of the urinary system?

Filter blood, Remove nitrogenous waste

What are the four organs of the mammalian excretory system?

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra

What is the path of urine flow from kidney to external urethral opening?

Renal Pelvis, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

What is the path of filtrate flow from glomerulus to renal pelvis?

Bowman’s Capsule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Collecting Duct

What is Filtration?

Water and dissolved substances are filtered out the blood

What is Tubular Reabsorption?

Useful materials move from nephron tubules into blood

What is Tubular Secretion?

Extra wastes move from blood into nephron tubules

What is Excretion? (Relating to the urinary system)

Urine leaves the body

Which substances do not typically leave the blood?

Blood cells and Large proteins

What are four components of urine?

Water, Urea, Salts/Ions, Creatinine

What is the effect of ADH on urine formation?

Helps reclaim water by forming aquaporin

Where does the ADH hormone act within the kidney?

Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting duct