Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Smart Systems (copy)

A comprehensive 50-flashcard vocabulary review covering Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Smart Systems based on Chapter 2 lecture slides.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The study of human thought processes to understand what intelligence is, along with the representation and duplication of those thought processes in machines.

Weak AI

A category of artificial intelligence that only performs a single, specific task, such as an alarm clock.

Strong AI

Computer systems and artificial intelligence capable of deep learning and performing broad human-level intellectual tasks.

Super AI

Hypothetical artificial intelligence operating on a mass scale that surpasses human intelligence, cognitive realities, and thinking abilities (e.g., Terminator).

The AI Tree

A conceptual framework where foundational disciplines (such as Philosophy, Mathematics, Logic, and Biology) form the roots, while technologies and applications (such as Machine Learning, Autonomous Robots, and NLP) form the branches.

Augmented Intelligence

The combination of human and machine capabilities to create synergy, extending and enhancing human thinking abilities rather than replacing them.

Non-Intelligence Dimensions (Human Intelligence)

Specific traits excluded from intelligence definitions: Physical ability is not considered a type of intelligence, and Sensing is not considered a content of intelligence.

Turing Test

A test formulated by Alan Turing to evaluate whether a computer can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a human through a blind text interface.

Intelligent Agent (IA)

A relatively small software program that observes and acts upon changes in its environment by running specific tasks autonomously.

Machine Learning

The process of embedding human learning capabilities into machines.

Deep Learning

A subset of machine learning using artificial neural technology to handle complex applications that conventional machine learning and other AI technologies cannot resolve.

Computer Vision (Machine Vision)

Technologies and methods used to provide imaging-based automated inspection and analysis for robot guidance, process control, and autonomous vehicles.

Video Analytics

A derivative application of computer vision that enables the automated recognition of dynamic patterns and identification of events.

Simple Reflex Agents

AI agents that react to current inputs using pre-set condition-action rules without memory, planning, or learning from past actions (e.g., thermostats, basic maintenance systems).

Model-Based Reflex Agents

AI agents that maintain an internal model of the environment to track history and handle partially observable situations (e.g., warehouse robots, navigation tools).

Goal-Based Agents

AI agents that evaluate possible actions and make decisions aimed at achieving specific defined objectives by considering future outcomes (e.g., GPS, Salesforce Einstein GPT).

Utility-Based Agents

AI agents that optimize for the best possible outcome by weighing trade-offs and maximizing an assigned utility or satisfaction score (e.g., recommendation systems).

Learning Agents

AI agents that improve their performance over time by analyzing past successes and failures based on feedback and operational experience (e.g., ERP systems).

Autonomous Agents

AI agents that operate independently for extended periods by integrating planning, learning, and self-direction.

Multi-Agent Systems

Systems comprising multiple agents working together within a shared environment through either coordination or competition.

Natural Language Understanding (NLU)

A branch of NLP that investigates methods of enabling computers to comprehend instructions or queries supplied in ordinary human languages.

Natural Language Generation (NLG)

A technology that strives to have computers produce ordinary spoken or written language so that humans can understand computer output more easily.

Speech (Voice) Understanding

The computational capability enabling the recognition and comprehension of spoken human languages by a computer.

Knowledge Acquisition

The phase in developing knowledge systems involving the identification of the type of knowledge, the source of the knowledge, and the feasibility of acquiring it.

Knowledge Representation

The process of converting human knowledge into a computer-processable format, such as structured questions and matching answers (Q&A).

Cognitive Computing

Technology derived from cognitive science (the study of the human brain) that utilizes self-learning algorithms, pattern recognition, and NLP (e.g., IBM Watson).

Augmented Reality (AR)

The real-time integration of digital information (vision and sound) directly within the user's physical environment, combining real and virtual elements.

Generative AI (GenAI)

Artificial intelligence tools and models designed to generate novel content, including text, images, video, code, and creative work, from simple prompts.

Tokenization & Embeddings

Methods used in generative AI architectures to convert raw input data into numerical representations for model processing.

Agentic AI

Autonomous, goal-oriented AI systems capable of making independent decisions, taking actions, and continuously self-improving based on environmental feedback.

Prompt Engineering

The practice of structuring, phrasing, and designing inputs to elicit the most accurate and useful outputs from generative AI systems.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)

A technique that improves AI response accuracy by retrieving external data and combining knowledge retrieval, dialogue summarization, and LLM reasoning.

Harvey

A legal generative AI tool adopted by law firm Allen & Overy that leverages RAG to accelerate legal research, citation retrieval, and contract drafting.

RFP Genie

A RAG-powered sales automation tool used by Twilio to pull product details and prior answers, cutting RFP response time from weeks to minutes.

Herbert Simon’s Decision-Making Process

A four-step framework supported by AI consisting of Problem Identification, Generating or Finding Alternative Solutions, Selecting a Solution, and Implementing the Solutions.

The Autonomous Advisor

A decision-making model by Michael Schrage in which AI provides insights and recommendations while a human retains authority over the final decision.

The Autonomous Outsource

A decision-making model requiring the creation of crystal-clear rules and instructions to delegate specific decisions entirely to machines.

Complete Machine Autonomy

A decision-making model wherein the entire decision process is automated by machines without human intervention.

Robot

A machine, physical device, or software that cooperates with AI to accomplish tasks autonomously by sensing and effecting its surrounding environment.

Steam Man

An 1893 prototype for a humanoid robot proposed by George Moore, constructed of steel, powered by a steam engine, and capable of walking autonomously at 9 miles/hour.

Rossum’s Universal Robots

The 1920 play written by Karel Čapek in which the term 'robot' was first introduced to the world.

Planetbot

The first commercial robot arm, developed in the 1950s and utilized in industrial operations by General Motors.

Shakey

The first mobile robot built in 1963, featuring a radio antenna, vision center, and CPU, capable of moving freely and avoiding obstacles.

Dante II

An eight-legged exploration robot developed in 1994 by Carnegie Mellon University (CMU).

Collaborative Robots (CoBots)

Robots engineered to operate safely alongside and directly assist human workers in joint tasks.

Supplementary Robots

Robots designed to enhance existing human capabilities or replace faculties that a human has lost or does not possess.

Pepper

A 4-foot-tall semi-humanoid robot manufactured by SoftBank Robotics with three directional wheels, emotion recognition, and multilingual support in Japanese, English, and Chinese.

Da Vinci Surgical System

An advanced robotic surgery system utilizing multi-arm manipulation and console magnification to assist human surgeons with minimally invasive procedures.

Mcity

A purpose-built mock urban environment created specifically to test autonomous vehicles under realistic road conditions.

Troodi

An AI mental health chatbot designed for youth that offers 24/7 nonjudgmental emotional support for stress and anxiety while incorporating parental safety monitoring.