LING 313 W2: Articulation and IPA, Transcription

What are some active articulators?

lower lip, tongue

What are some passive articulators?

alveolar ridge, hard palate, upper teeth

what can act as both active and passive?

velum

what is the tongue?

it is musclarhydrostatic

articulatory process

place and manner

phonation process

voice or voiceless, type of voicing

oro-nasal process

nasal or oral

airstream process

pulmonic or non-pulmonic

the airstream is overgeneralised

coronal sounds

ones that are produced with the flexible front part of the tongue

(tongue touches these areas)

dorsal sounds

ones that are produced with the back of the tongue

timing of voice

voicing might come a little later depending on the surrounding environments

what helps make the or-nasal process work?

whether the velar port is closed or opened

pulmonic sounds

air goes thru the lungs

non-pulmonic sounds

air goes elsewhere

what are some non-pulmonic sounds

ejectives, implosives, clicks

what are the ways to describe speech sounds

acoustic analysis, articulatory analysis, perceptual analysis (transcription)

what are the goals of transcription?

do u want to…

• the phonemes of a language

• exactly what a speaker says

• what I heard

  • language trains what you hear/the sounds u pick up first

Broad Transcription

most general form; phonemic transcription

Narrow transcription

phonetic transcription

use allophones and other symbols to describe the sounds in more details

• allophonic and positional variations are included

phoneme

labeled for a set of sounds that all count as basically the same

landmarks for segmentation

trying to establish landmarks/boundaries for segments while listening to a continuous stream of sounds

how to do segmentation

listen to the sound, look at the waveform/spectrogram of the sound

how to get better at transcription?

• memorise the IPA

• train yours ears

• learn how to read waveforms/spectrograms

stop sounds

involve a complete obstruction of the airflow in the vocal tract

• blockage can be sustained for a longer time

gemination

when a (stop) blockage can be sustained for a longer stretch of time