Anatomy (I will get confused about)

Bursae

are small, fluid-filled sacs that provide cushioning between bones, tendons, and muscles near joints, reducing friction and allowing for smooth movement.

• 12-13 around the knee

Bursae (Important ones)

1) Suprapatellar

2) Prepatellar

3) Infrapatellar

Main hip joint

Ligmentum Teres

Cruciate ligaments

2 very strong ligaments between femur/tibia that form a cross:

• Anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL)

Collateral Ligaments

• Tibial: Between the medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia

• Fibular: Between the lateral epicondyle of the femur and the head of the fibula

Helps the knee stabilize

TIbial plateaus angle

• Typically 10-20*

• Measured laterally; used for knee replacements

Types of arches (Feet)

• Medial Arch

• Longitudinal Arch

• Transverse Arch

Medial Arch (Foot)(includes what)

runs across 1st metatarsal and cuneiform, navicular, and talus

Longitudinal arch (Foot)(includes what)

Runs across calcaneus, cuboid, and 5th metatarsal

Transverse arch (foot)(includes what)

Runs across cuboid, 3/2/1 cuneiform

Plantar fasiitis

• Due to irritated plantar fascia (sort of longitudinal arch)

• Causes:

  • Repeated stress

  • Poor shoes

Can cause heel spurs

Sinus Taris (Foot)

A hole that's just a bunch of space for things to pass through (between calcaneus, talus, navicular and cuboid)

Parts of pelvis

• The ilium

• Ischium

• Pubis

Pelvic Inlet

• Superior

• Oval/heart shaped

• Formed by sacrum, medial ilium, superior symphysis pubis

Pelvic outlet

• Inferior

• Diamond/triangle shaped

• Formed by apex of sacrum/coccyx, ischium and inferior symphysis pubis

Parts of Pelvic brim

• Sacral Promontory

• Pectineal Lines of Pubis

• Arcuate lines of the ilium

Female Vs. Male (General structures)

• Female: Light/thin

• Male: Heavy/thick

Female Vs. Male (False/greater pelvis)

• Female: Shallow

• Male: Deep

Female Vs. Male (Pelvis Brim (inlet)

• Female: Wide and more oval

• Male: Narrow and heart-shaped

Female Vs. Male (Acetabulum)

• Female: Small and faces anteriorly

• Male: Large and faces laterally

Female Vs. Male (Obturator foremen)

• Female: Oval

• Male: Round

Female Vs. Male (Pubic arch)

• Female: Greater than 90 degrees

• Male: Less than 90 derees

Female Vs. Male (iliac creat)

• Female: Less curved

• Male: More curved

Female Vs. Male (ilium)

• Female: Less vertical

• Male: More vertical

Female Vs. Male (Greater sciatic notch)

• Female: Wide (almost 90 degrees)

• Male: Narrow (About 70 degrees)

Female Vs. Male (Sacrum)

• Female: Shorter, wider (see anterior views), and less curved anteriorly

• Male: Longer, narrower (see anterior views), and more curved anteriorly.

Tendon of Fibularis Brevis

• Origin at distal fibula insertion base of the 5th metatarsal

• Function:

  • Plantar flexion

  • Eversion of ankle

Lisfranc Ligament

• Foot ligament

• Keeps everything in alinement, stabilizes tarsal bones

• Helps with weight bearing

Between medial and middle cuneiform

Quadriceps muscles (Types)

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus medialis

• Vastus intermedius

Rectus femoris (Quadriceps muscle)

• Origin at AIIS

• Help with abduction

• Longest, on top of thigh bone

• Inserts into the tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon

Vastus lateralis (Quadriceps muscle)

• Origin at line aspera

• Largest

• Helps extend

• Inserts into the tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon

Vastus medialis (Quadriceps muscle)

• Origin at linae aspera

• Inserts into the tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon

Vastus intermedius (Quadriceps muscle)

• Origin: anterior femur

• Helps stabilize

• Under rectus femoris, center

• Inserts into the tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon

Sartorius Muscle

• Longest muscle

• Origin at ASIS

• Insertion medial tibia

• Function:

  • Hip flexion

  • Abduction

  • External/internal rotation

Gastrocnemius Muscle

• Meatus of the calf muscle

• Function:

  • Bending knee

  • Plantar flexion (point toes)

Soleous Muscle

• “Second” heart

• Brings blood back to heart

• Is under the gastrocnemius muscle (running with achilles tendon)

Psoas Major muscle

• Origin at lateral lumbar spine

• Insertion at the lesser trochanter of the femur

• Functions:

  • Low back/hip stabilizers

  • When stabilizing the upper body while moving the lower body, you will use these.

is the lower back muscles

Hamstring Muscles (types)

1) Biceps femoris

2) Semitendinosus

3) Semimembranosus

Biceps Femoris (Hamstring Muscles)

• The long head originates at the ischial tuberosity.

• Short head originates at linea aspera

Both insert at fibular head

Semitendinosus (Hamstring Muscles)

• Works with the semimembranosus muscle (Hamstring Muscles)

Semimembranosus (Hamstring Muscles)

• Works with the semitendinosus

• Origins at ischial tuberosity

• Insertion at medial tibia (shared with/ sartorius)

Gluteal muscles (types)

• Gluteus medius

• Gluteus maximus

• Gluteus minimus

Gluteus medius (Gluteal muscles)

• Located laterally

• Stabilize

• Do most of stabilizing

Gluteus maximus (Gluteal muscles)

• Biggest/largest

• Origin at iliac crest (+ sacrum, coccyx)

• Insertion at linae asperia (tiliotibial tract)

Gluteus minimus (Gluteal muscles)

• Deepest/smallest

Ligamentum Teres

• Connects head of femur to hip

Inguinal Ligament

• ASIS to pubic bone (pubic tubercle)

• Supports soft tissue to groin and serves as an attachment point for many abdominal muscles

Common site of inguinal hernia (pocket of skin with soft muscle)