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Mouth
Mechanical + chemical digestion begins.

Stomach
Protein digestion with pepsin + HCl.

Small intestine
90% of nutrient absorption.

Large intestine
Water absorption + vitamin K production.
Blood flow
RA → RV → lungs → LA → LV → body.

Arteries
Away from the heart.

Veins
Toward the heart.

SA node
Pacemaker of the heart.

Gas exchange
Occurs at alveoli.

Diaphragm
Contracts = inhale; relaxes = exhale.

Thyroid
Metabolism (T3/T4).

Pancreas
Insulin + glucagon.

Adrenal glands
Cortisol & adrenaline.

Pituitary
Master gland.

CNS
Brain + spinal cord.

PNS
All other nerves.

Sympathetic
Fight or flight.

Parasympathetic
Rest and digest.

Nucleus
Controls the cell.

Ribosomes
Protein synthesis.

Lysosomes
Waste breakdown.

Mitochondria
ATP energy.

ER
Protein/lipid processing.

Golgi
Packaging and distribution.

DNA
Nucleotides (A, T, C, G).

Complementary bases
A-T, C-G.

Protons
Positive (atomic number).

Neutrons
Neutral.

Electrons
Negative.

Ionic bonds
Transfer electrons.

Covalent bonds
Share electrons.

Hydrogen bonds
Weak bonds (DNA, water).

States of Matter
Solid → liquid → gas (energy increases).

Conservation of mass
Reactants = products.

Increase rate of reaction
By increasing temperature, pressure (gases), concentration, or surface area.

Physical change
Dissolving, melting.

Chemical change
Burning, rusting.

Saturated solution
Max solute dissolved.

Concentration
Amount of solute in solvent.

Acids
pH < 7, donate H+.

Bases
pH > 7, donate OH-.

Proteins
Made of amino acids; structure, enzymes, hormones.

Carbohydrates
Quick energy; glucose, starch.

Lipids
Long-term energy; fats, oils.

Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA.

Scientific Method
1. Ask question 2. Form hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Analyze data 5. Conclusion.

Independent variable
Changed.

Dependent variable
Measured.

Control variable
Constant.

Replication
Repeat experiments for reliability.

Photosynthesis
Occurs in chloroplasts.
