HST 386 Midterm

Concepts

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Civil Disobedience

the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

from Henry David Thoreau

People must enact now for change, gov is too slow

argues for civic disorbedience through peace like stop paying taxes — he didnt pay

prision is good — honorable

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.

foundation of american ideals— foundation for DOI and BOR

humanism and rationalization

Free Speech

the right to articulate one's opinions and ideas without fear of government retaliation or censorship, or societal sanction.

Liberalism

the holding of liberal views. (equality)

Social contract (give up some rights for safety), limited gov(cant do whatever) ,personal rights (freedoms) — Locke

focus on our freedom before law

Mass Politics

a political order resting on the emergence of mass political parties. The emergence of mass politics generally associated with the rise of mass society coinciding with the Industrial Revolution in the West.

Whigs vs Democrats — Reformists, nativist protestant vs pro worker and immigrant

gang violence , corruption

Moral Reform

was a campaign in the 1830s and '40s to abolish licentiousness, prostitution, and the sexual double standard, and to promote sexual abstinence among the young as they entered the marriage market.

prostitution

great awakenings

Prison Reform

is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, establish a more effective penal system, or implement alternatives to incarceration.

prison was expensive back them — broke america

a chance for reform and to prevent crime

Professional Police

creation of professional trained law enforcement

NYPD — small task force, complicated upbringings

strict rules and was to break down on crime in nyc

Public Opinion

The desires, wants, and thinking of the majority of the people - or the collective opinion of the people of a society or state on an issue or problem

Puritanism

were a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.

William Bradford and John Withrop — Plymouth

Morality , public shame because god is watching

Quakerism

a member of the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian movement founded by George Fox c. 1650 and devoted to peaceful principles.

passive people , reach for the inner light in god

equality and diversity

anti slavery pro immigrant

birth of prisions

Religious Revivals

increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or society, with a local, national or global effect.

Great Awakening 2— find salvation

social change = temperance, solving prostitution

Honor

high respect, moral integrity

women = piety, virgin, chastity

men = independence control and self defense

Social Contract

an implicit or explicit agreement between the members of a society and their government that defines their mutual rights and duties

• people give up some right to gov

• Locke

• gov has to protect people

Slavery

a individual is owned and takes part in exhausting labor or restricted freedom.

slavery was important to southern economy — civil war

cause of economic disparities

underground railroad

Utilitarianism

is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. "Utility" is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities, such as human beings and other animals.

ex: public works, welfare

Places

Auburn Penitentiary

2nd state prison in New York, first execution by electric chair. made to house prisioners from nyc

was not successful — poor living conditions, broke people (isolation)

some of the prisoners were excused —

Bleeding Kansas

the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery "Free-Staters" and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian", or "southern" elements in Kansas between 1854 and 1861, including "Bleeding Congress".

reason for civil war

john brown - force was the only way to make change (anti slave)

Erie Canal

a canal in New York that helped the transferring of goods.

Route for the underground railroad -ferrys

safe houses in upstate ny

Five Points

Area in lower manhattan that gained an international reputation for disease and crime.

rise in corruption, gangs, prostitution, disease

lower class, immigrants

The Old Brewery

was the name given to Coulthard's Brewery after its conversion to a rookery following the Panic of 1837.

located at 5 points edge of town — next to posh neighborhood

notorious place for vice , morally corrupt (broken familys)

taken down — replaced with a mission house

Plymouth Plantation

First colony in the Americas , failure

strict gov and religion

John Withdrop and Poole and Thomas Granger

• Procedure

  • Biblical Law

  • Confession

  • Jury

  • Governor

  • Theories

    • Satan

    • Repression

    • Visibility

    • Immigration

Walnut Street Jail

the first prison built in the United States to use individual cells and work details. — isolation

Located in philly

1st idea was from quakers

bad idea : expensive , and didnt work overcrowded

Gold Rush

Immigrants from China, Chile, Mexico, and Europe went to the west in hopes to find gold in california

lawless area — loomis gang

SF became the capital for gambling , corruption politics

People

John Adams

was an American patriot who served as the second President of the United States and the first Vice President. Founding Father and leader in American freedom from Britain.

defends british during boston massacure

• gov listen to facts over public

• fair trial (due process)

• a act of self defense

• law is important

Cesare Beccaria

an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher, and politician, who is widely considered as the most talented jurist and one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment.

1. Free will

2. Rational manner - choice to do whatever benefits

3. Manipulability - people wont do it if punishment is bad

shaped american revolution (boston massacure) and legal framework

Jeremy Bentham

an English philosopher who is regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.

made the Panopticon- a circular prison, central guard

could be watch at any moment

cheap and watches guards

disipline

William Bradford

an English Separatist who wrote of Plymouth Plantation, which described Pilgrims life in their new land.

tells the story about Thomas granger

Bradford is puzzled that drunkenness, sex outside marriage, and "sodomy and buggery" keep breaking out despite strict laws and harsh punishment

The Devil's spite , Sin being more visibile and dam (block wickedness, explodes)

John Brown

an American abolitionist who believed violence was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States - purartist

e federal armory, the arsenal, and Hall’s Rifle Works, taking 60 prominent citizens as hostage

Bleeding kansas - Pottawatomie Massacre

sons died

Margaret Douglass

a Southern white woman who served one month in jail in 1854 for teaching free black children to read in Norfolk, Virginia.

she did not know the law, and respected churchgoers around her were doing similar work.

HER DUTY TO TEACH BLACKS ABOUT GOD,SAVING

DEFENDED SLAVERY

George Fitzhugh

an American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery.

Rejects consent. Fitzhugh says the Declaration was wrong that governments get their just powers from the consent of the governed.

fears northern reform

inequality is needed - slavery, womens rights

Thomas Granger

one of the first people hanged in the Plymouth Colony and the first known juvenile to be sentenced to death and executed in the territory of today's United States.

caught having sex with animals

confessed to similar acts with multiple animals, including a cow, goats, sheep, calves, and a turkey. He repeated this confession in court before a jury

Anne Hutchinson

a Puritan spiritual adviser and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy

overnor John Winthrop and the Massachusetts General Court put her on trial for heresy and sedition

Banished to rhode island

holding religious meetings in her home and preaching that salvation came through God's grace rather than good works. [1, 2]

Jesse James

an American outlaw, guerrilla, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from the state of Missouri and the most famous member of the bushwackers

were driven to this life

gentle boys turned criminals

was considered a war hero

Helen Jewett

an upscale New York City prostitute whose murder, along with the subsequent trial and acquittal of her alleged killer, Richard P. Robinson, generated an unprecedented amount of media coverage.

Robinson, who committed arson and murder. The victim is Ellen Jewett, a prostitute who died from a hatchet to the brain and was set on fire

Kintapuash

AKA capt jack

resisted the forced relocation of his people during the Modoc War of 1872–1873

A military court, killed 6 people

claims that its unfair that hes in prision and not those who pushed him into it. White man who killed his people are also free

wishes to die on battlefield

Gang Loomis

was a family of outlaws who operated in central New York during the mid-19th century.

horse theft, livestock rustling, burglaries, counterfeiting, and arson - people found their property when raided

. People feared them. could retaliate

Elijah Lovejoy

was an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, newspaper editor and abolitionist who was murdered by a pro-slavery mob

Pro-slavery mobs had destroyed three of his presses

died when house was on fire, was shot when trying to escape

William Manning

was a New England farmer, foot soldier and author. After fighting in the American Revolutionary War, he began to believe that his service and labor meant little to those in charge.

democratic republican - sympathized with the debtors' grievances but liked the violence

Shays Rebillion - was foolish, had to pay high taxes, underrepresnted

Rev. John Mcdowall

was an early Ohio lawyer, Episcopal clergyman, poet, novelist, editor and professor. Leavitt served as the second President [1] of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and as President of St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland.

He exposes the sex trade and how disgusting it is in New York. He talks about how these young girls are exploited and treated. He has seen the harms of prostitution and how they are affecting these women. He believes that they should be educated to be housewives and learn trades instead of working in prostitution. He advises parents to monitor their children and be wary of peddlers and shopkeepers to be saved.

William Poole

the founder of the street gang the Bowery Boys and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement in mid-19th century New York City. aka Bill the Butcher

“died as a true american” - didnt like immigrants/irish

dies to morrissey

respected and honor in his community

Benjamin Rush

a Founding Father of the United States.

Belived that punishment

1) reform the offender, (2) deter others through terror, and (3) remove dangerous people from society.

it fails to reform and deter criminals - to brief, people are uised to it and people sympathizes with criminals

Daniel Sickles

Sickles was involved in a number of public scandals, most notably the killing of his wife's lover, Philip Barton Key II, son of Francis Scott Key. First person to use insanity to be acquitted.

not guilty

Charles Summer

Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War

opposed the kansas-nebraska act

insulted southerner, got clubbed by a cane

Flora Tristan

believed that prositituiton was wrong,  She talks about how the laws put in place are meant to put woman down, and if it was a man this would not happen. The author is especially harsh toward the English aristocracy and Anglican clergy, accusing them of moralizing publicly while showing zero compassion privately, and describes prostitutes as objects of public contempt rather than pity.

prostitutes was a job for poor woemn, payed better

Henry David Thoreau

Tax resister who published writings on civil disobedience

People must enact now for change, gov is too slow

argues for civic disorbedience through peace like stop paying taxes — he didnt pay

prision is good — honorable

David Terry

the primary author of the Constitution of 1879.

SF — US Judge

Sarah Althea Hill - Wife , sued for divorce.the marriage contract Hill had provided was a forgery, and that they had never married. Lost case - went insane

threatened Judge Field, body guard killed him

David Walker

an outspoken African-American abolitionist, writer and anti-slavery activist. His mother was free and his father was a slave. Therefore, he was free.

uses the DOI to say that a black revolt is needed , suffered long enough

a challenge to the world

Ida B Wells

said that killing slaves were used for intemidation after emancipation

white men never convicted

sotuherns argued that - 1. riots broke out (false blacks were dying) 2. after 15th admendment , Domination KKK prevented voting 3.rape , beyong sympathy

ida wanted blacks to tell the truth

Laws

13th Amendment

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

enabled black codes, forced into labor by criminalzing basic actions

part of reconstruction

14th Amendment

The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

15th Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

immigrants can vote, taking place in 5 points

poll tax, literacy taxes, and grand father clauses — loop holes

Bill of Rights

Written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power.

amendments — fair trial , freedom

basis of many arguments

Black Codes

were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. loopholes

Dec. of Independence

announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule.

inspired by enlightenment ideals

basis for american ideals and freedom

Fugitive Slave Act

It required that all escaped slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate in this law.

runaways - feared

Anthony Burns - sent back to owner, caused outrage

southerners used this as reason to succsed

Ku Klux Klan Act

empowered the President to suspend the writ of habeas corpus to combat the Ku Klux Klan

protect blacks to vote

suppressed white supremacy

Laws of War

a legal term of art that refers to the aspect of public international law concerning acceptable justifications to engage in war and the limits to acceptable wartime conduct

ex: dont kill children and women

Lieber codes - humanize criminals of war, no torture

Pennsylvania Constitution

state constitution by ben franklin

gov is there to protect peoples natural rights, people can change when falls

people are givena impartial jury and trial unamious decision no one cannot testify against himself

warrents needed

laws - reform penal laws, make punishments less blody, encourage virtue

"Unwritten Laws"

Unwritten rules, principles, and norms that have the effect and force of law though they have not been formally enacted by the government.

Double Standard — women would be dragged

U.S. Constitution

Supreme law of the U.S.

government can investigate, prosecute, and punish people accused of breaking the law

basis of what the gov should give to the prosecuted

Crimes

Adultery

voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a person who is not his or her spouse.

EX: virginias laws , puritains punishment

normalized — sickles

Blasphemy

the act or offense of speaking sacrilegiously about God or sacred things; profane talk.

Hutchinson

puritain ideals

Bestiality

Sex with animals

Thomas Granger

Gambling

Act of winning money on bets

huge in NYC-NOLA-SF

destroyed families, morality

diverse

Lynching

Lynching is the illegal killing of a person by a mob without a legal trial or due process

kKK

Insurrection

a violent uprising against an authority or government.

EX: john brown slave rebels, whiskey rebels,

Prostitution

Selling of another human being for sexual acts, big in cities full of vice

Hellen Jewlett

made decent amount of money, sometimes out of neccessity

Riot

a violent disturbance of the peace by a crowd.

Bowery B boys

Vagrancy

legal and social condition of wandering from place to place without a permanent home, steady job, or visible means of support

black codes

convict leasing —forced penal labor , blacks imprisioned sold to companies to work

Cases

Commonwealth vs Hunt

before civil war - unions were thought to do criminal conspiracy

ruled labor unions are not illegal criminal conspiracies as long as their aims and methods are peaceful and lawful

Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw

Boston journeymen bootmakers, members of the Boston Journeymen Bootmakers Society , one member refused to pay fines — peaceful protest

lower courts said they were doing conspiracy — overturned

shifted what is crime, market revolution (rivarly is good)

Ex Parte Milligan

was a U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled the application of military justice to citizens when civilian courts are still operating in an unconstitutional manner

Lambdin P. Milligan arrested by Union for plotting against the Union

found guilty in military court, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in

Rule of Law still applies during war

Things

Bowery B'hoys

were the prevailing slang words used to describe the young men and women of the rough-and-tumble working class culture

nativist, anti-Catholic, and anti-Irish street gang based in nyc

Bill the Butcher - leader , dies to john

John Old Smoke Morrissey - rival party

Bushwhackers

a form of guerrilla warfare common during the American Revolutionary War, American Civil War and other conflicts in which there were large areas of contested land and few governmental resources to control these tracts.

pro confederates , on the border of the upper southsouthern

leader was quantrill

Raided northern towns. killing robbing black men (ft Pillow)

formers include Jesse James

Chain Gangs

emerged immediately after the American Civil War as Southern states sought to replace lost slave labor and rebuild war-torn infrastructure

13th amedment loophole

Blacks tied up to a chain to repairing buildings, building roads, or clearing land

forced prisioners to do

convict lease system

a system of forced penal labor

labor system where states leased prisoners to private companies and plantations for profit.

loophole 13th amendment to make free blacks to contiue to work

rented incarcerated people for profit

Constable/watch system

before police, paid by someone to protect their property during night. NYC

patrolling the streets at night to watch for fires, spot suspicious behavior, and stop unauthorized people

uneffective when pop grew , overwhemling

Dead Rabbits

the media-bestowed name of an Irish American gang in New York City, in the 1850s.

morrissey

believed in pro immigrant and worker

rival poole - bowery b boys

Panopticon

a type of institutional building designed by the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in the late 18th century. Allows watchmen to observe inmates without inmates knowledge

could be watch at any moment

cheap and watches guards

disipline

Quadroon's balls

were social events designed to encourage mixed-race women to form liaisons with wealthy white men through a system of concubinage.

quadroon (a historical, racial-categorization term for a person with one-quarter African American ancestry)

Cassy’s Backstory: highly educated woman sold to sexual concubinage — form of sexual exploitation

Stocks (punishment)

used for public corporal punishment and humiliation by locking an offender's ankles or feet in place while they sat

shown in town squares
enforce social norms , people would mock and shame

used by purtians

Thief Taker

a private individual hired to capture criminals

recovered stolen goods for a cash reward

before police and watch system

used by colonial people

"Third Degree"

long and harsh questioning, especially by police, to obtain information or a confession.

police would use sleep deprivation, food withholding, and relentless screaming to extreme physical beatings and torture inside station houses

eventually banned , sometimes people would give fake confessions

Witch Trials

were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The trials resulted in the executions of twenty people, fourteen of them women, and all but one by hanging.

Salem Massachusetts

fundamental legal guarantees, reasoned judgment, and procedural due process

S.F. Vigilance Committee

was formed in 1851, the catalyst for formation was the criminality of the Sydney Ducks,[1] it was revived in 1856 in response to rampant crime and corruption in the municipal government of San Francisco, California.

made their own constitution , didnt break us law but would enforce their own laws

took 2 prisioners 1. hung 2. survices and tortutred to death

cxahllange to gov

Detective

Emerged in the 19th century as cities grew and rioted.

interrogated using the 3rd degree

Johnny Broderick — detective

worked alongside police

Events

American Revolution

U.S.revolt against British Rule

US constituion and BOR

Boston Massacure

Boston Massacre

known as the Incident on King Street by the British, was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers shot and killed people while under intense attack by a mob.

defended by John Adams

• gov listen to facts over public

• fair trial (due process)

• a act of self defense

• law is important

Boston Tea Party

On the night of December 16, 1773, Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty boarded three ships in the Boston harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard.

boycott on british goods

threats of tar and feather

civil unrest, protest

Christiana Riot

African Americans and white abolitionists clash with posse attempting to capture fugitive slaves hiding in the area. 37 Africans and one white man were arrested as a result.

resistance to Fugitive Slave Act

leads to the civil war and other act in boston

Civil War

Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America.

Issue of Slavery

Bushwackers, abolition movements

Kansas-nebraska act

Fort Pillow Massacre

The battle ended with a massacre of Union troops (most of them African American soldiers) attempting to surrender, by soldiers under the command of Confederate Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest.

caused by bushwackers - raided and killed northerners

sign of raical revenge