Acid Base

food and internal metabolism

where do hydrogen ions come from in the body

amino acids and fatty acids

what types of foods give off acids

severe anaerobic exercise

DM

respiration

what can produce excessive acid

respiration (CO2)

where is the largest production of acid from

fruits and vegetables

what foods contain anions that metabolize into bicarb (base)

buffers

ventilation

renal regulation

what are the 3 pH balance mechanisms

acidosis due to increased CO2

what is the effect of hypoventilation

alkalosis due to blowing off of CO2

what is the effect of hyperventilation

bicarbonate

what ion is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys in order to regulate pH

they are filtered from the blood into the urine

how are hydrogen ions transported within the kidneys to regulate pH

phosphate and ammonia

what are the buffers within the urine that help to prevent dangerous level of acidity

conservation and generation of bicarb

excretion of hydrogen

what is the kidneys response to acidosis

reduce hydrogen secretion

excretion of bicarb

what is the kidneys response to alkalosis

death

what can happen if pH becomes

neural depression and muscle paralysis

what are the neural consequences of acidity

neural hyper-excitability and muscle spasms

what are the neural consequences of alkalosis

CO2 retention due to hypoventilation in COPD/emphysema

what is the cause of respiratory acidosis

dietary and metabolic hydrogen

what can cause metabolic acidosis

respiratory (increase ventilation) and renal compensations (excretion of hydrogen and retention of bicarb)

what systems can compensate for acidosis due to a metabolic cause

hyperventilation resulting in decreased CO2

excessive artificial ventilation

what can cause respiratory alkalosis

vomiting

ingestion of bicarb/antacids

what are two common causes of metabolic alkalosis

hypoventilation

what will be the respiratory compensation to metabolic alkalosis

decreased water excretion

increased water reabsorption

increased BP

what happens when ADH is released

when the body needs more water and BP is low

when is ADH released

sodium

what ion does water follow back into the body when ADH is present

they are inserted by ADH into the collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water

what is the purpose of aquaporins

sodium

potassium

bicarbonate

which essential ions are regulated by the kidneys

the ion regulates fluid levels and blood pressure

what is the purpose of sodium regulation

aldosterone

which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium in response to low BP

urea

creatinine

uric acid

excess acids and ions

metabolites and toxins

what waste products are removed by the kidneys

fluid and sodium balance

RAAS

what are the key mechanisms of blood pressure control

the kidneys release renin

what is the response of the RAAS when blood pressure drops

angiotensin 2

what chemical is produced due to renin release and reaction

constriction of blood vessels and increase in BP

what is the effect of angiotensin 2

changes in oxygen levels in the blood

what stimulates erythropoiesis

there are specialized proteins present when oxygen is plentiful

how do the kidneys sense hypoxia

erythropoiten production

what does the kidney do to stimulate RBC production

calcitrol

what does vitamin D turn into in the kidneys