Bio 202 Unit 2 Exam

how do proteins get to, then into the correct organelle

molecular address on the protein, receptor for protons that has a particular molecular address, system in the organelle membrane that allows the protein to get across

molecular address on the protein

has to reflect where the protein functions and where it functions in

receptor for protons that has a particular molecular address

particular organelle that has an address on it and folds up to give it a structual motif

system in the organelle membrane that allows the protein to get across

allows the protein that’s being targeted in

Nuclear envelope: large protein complexes

span both the inner and outer nuclear membrane and act as gates that are highly regulated

does the nucleoplasmin protein contain a send to nucleus signal

yes in the tail or core region

does the nucleoplasmin protein have a distinct address

yes it must it helps identify a nuclear protein

how many amino acids are in the NLS (nuclear localization signal)

17

what are the 5 , cytoplasm of how proteins are imported into the nucleus through cytoplasm

nuclear localization, protein importin complex, dissociation, Importin- Ran-GTP complex, GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP

proteins are imported into the nucleus, cytoplasm : nuclear localization (NLS)

protein bins to importin

proteins are imported into the nucleus, cytoplasm: protein-importin complex

enters nucleus and binds to Ran- GTP

proteins are imported into the nucleus, cytoplasm: dissociation

protein dissociates

proteins are imported into the nucleus, cytoplasm: importin + ran GTP

moves to cytoplasm

proteins are imported into the nucleus, cytoplasm : GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP

importin dissociates

What is inside the endomembrane system

rough ER, smooth ER, golgi, transport vesicles, lysosomes, plasma membrane

what is the first step of the endomembrane system

protein enters ER

what is the second step of the endomembrane system

Protein exits ER

what is the third step of the endomembrane system

Protein enters Golgi apparatus

what is the fourth step of the endomembrane system

protein exits Golgi apparatus

what is the fifth step of the endomembrane system

protein is secreted

which face does the Golgi apparatus move from

cis- trans

What are the two levels of protein sorting

getting protein in rough ER, getting trans Golgi in the right vesicle

what did G. Palate us to identify steps in protein secretion

pulse chase labeling

what is short chase most found in

golgi apparatus

what is the long chase most found in

transport vesicles or have been secreted

what is the pulse chase experiment

tracking movement through a pathway when you can’t visualize what’s happening

How many amino acids are in the ER signal sequence

20

The signal hypothesis: 1

ER sequence is synthesized

The signal hypothesis: 2

ER signal sequence binds to signal recognition particle (SRP)

The signal hypothesis: 3

SRP binds to receptor

The signal hypothesis: 4

protein enters ER through translocon

The signal hypothesis: 5

ER signal sequence is removed

What is stored in the Golgi in protein sorting and vesicle transport

plasma membrane, protein bound for secretion, and one of the endomembrane organelles

what are the step 1 in protein sorting

Proteins bound for different destinations carry distinct tags

what are the step 2 in protein sorting

Proteins are sorted

what are the step 3 in protein sorting

transport vesicles bud

what are the step 4 in protein sorting

cytosolic and membrane proteins cause transport vesicles to attach and fuse at destinations

what are the step 5 in protein sorting

vesicles deliver contents

where does protein sorting and vesicle transport take place in

Lumen of Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, and pre lysosomal compartment

when proteins pass through the Golgi apparatus, what happens

they get glycosylated along the way

how are the proteins sorted in protein sorting and vesicle transport

sorted into distinct vesicles in the trans Golgi and sent to their final destinations

what are 3 different energy states

potential, kinetic, and other

what does non polar bonds have

longest, and weakest bonds

what does polar bonds have

shortest, strongest bonds

does polar bonds have high bond energy

yes

what makes a reaction spontaneous

delta G = delta H - T delta S

what reaction rate is independent

delta G

what reaction rate is dependent

temperature and concentration of reactants

what happens if you keep temperature constant and increase concentration or reactants

get an increase on the rate of reaction

do cells have much capacity too regulate temperature or concentration of reactants

no

what is E subscript a

activation energy

when cells use catalysts and enzymes to increase reaction rates what happens?

it decreases the activation energy

when an enzyme interacts with a substrate, does the enzyme has to be shaped perfectly

yes

what is something each enzyme that’s different with one another

the active site

what does the kinetics of a reaction provide

clues to whether that reaction is enzyme catalyzed or not

with catalyzed reactions is it more rapid or steady

more rapid, has inital increase then stops

with uncatalyzed reactions is it more rapid or steady

more steady, doesn’t require enzyme

if we increase substrate concentrations in uncatalyzed reactions what happens

we measure how fast we can make products

what temperature does enzymes function best in

optimal temp

will the same enzyme in 2 different organisms have the same reaction

not exactly since they don’t live in same environments

how do enzymes work: how many steps do enzymes have

3

how do enzymes work: step 1 initiation

substrate binds to active site in a specific orientation, forming enzyme substrate complex

how do enzymes work: step 2 transition state facilitation

interaction between enzyme and substrate lower the activation energy and the shape changes

how do enzymes work: step 3 termination

products have lower affinity for active site and are released and enzyme is unchanged after the reaction

how do enzymes work: does catalysts get consumed by reactions

no

can enzymatic activity be regulated

yes very precisely

is a exergonic reaction spontaneous or non spontaneous

spontaneous

is a endergonic reaction spontaneous or non spontaneous

non spontaneous

what is the advantage that allows enzymes to catalyze into two different reactions at the same time

allows enzyme to couple exergonic reactions to an endergonic and energy can be used to drive an endergonic reaction

two types of energetic coupling

energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP, energy comes from the transfer of high energy electrons during redox reactions

energetic coupling:energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP

ATP stores a large amount of potential energy, energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed

when high energy electrons are produced during redox reactions, where are they sometimes transferred temporarily to

carrier molecule

what are metabolic pathways are often times regulated by

feedback inhibition

how many steps are in how did metabolic pathways evolve?

3

how did metabolic pathways evolve: enzyme 1

evolves to convert substrate 1 into a key product involved in chemical evolution

how did metabolic pathways evolve: substrate 1

is used up and a new enzymatic activity evolves to produce substrate 1 from another substrate

how did metabolic pathways evolve: the cycle repeats

additional steps are added to the series of reactions, ultimately forming a full metabolic pathway

what do eukaryotic organisms carry out

cellular respiration

what do prokaryotic organisms carry out

cellular respiration and the basics are almost identical

what is the main energy currency for cells

ATP

what has a release of a lot of energy when broken

phosphoanhydride bonds

if all the energy in glucose got released when carbons are oxidized at one time what happens

they energy would be released too fast

instead what happens when glucose gets released

cells are going to oxidize carbons in glucose to CO2 in small stops

where is glycolysis located in

cytosol

where is the mitochondria for the rest of cellular respiration

pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxdative phosphorylatiom

how many steps are in cellular respiration

4

what is the first step in cellular respiration

glycolysis

what is the second step in cellular respiration

pyruvate processing

what is the third step in cellular respiration

citric acid cycle

what is the fourth step in cellular respiration

ETC and oxidative phosphorylation

what is the starting material for glycolysis

glucose and pyruvate

how many carbons are in glucose

6

how many carbons are in pyruvate

3

what energy phase is the first 5 steps in glycolysis

investment

what energy phase is the last 5 steps in glycolysis

recovery

in the energy investment stages of glycolysis what does it require

ATP

2 ATP go to

2 ADP

in the energy recovery phase what is the end product

2 NADH, 2 H+, and 2 ATP

what happens at the end of glycolysis

2 pyruvate is made

what is glycolysis regulated by

feedback inhibition