module two vocabulary | BIO 224

virulence

ratio of the number of people exposed to microorganisms versus the number of cases of disease

• doesn’t take a lot of exposure to have high numbers behind that sickness

infectivity

proportion of exposures needed to cause infection in an individual, based on the pathogens ability to enter, survive, or multiply in

toxigenicity

ability to produce harmful toxins

antigenicity

how much is it viewed as foreign by the host immune system

antigenic variability

eluding the host

coinfection

simultaneous occurence of two or more pathogens

superinfections

over proliferation of resident flora (secondary infection)

overuse or incomplete use of antibiotics leads to:

drug-resistance microbes

leukopenia

decrease in white blood cell count

leukocytosis

increase in white blood cell count

malaise

feeling ill

hemoptysis

blood sputum with chronic cough

anorexia

appetite loss

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

pyelonephritis

infection moves from the liver (cystitis) to the kidneys

dysuria

pain with urination

hematuria

blood in urine

analgesics

relieve pain

convalescence

recovery time

acute clinical illness

immune response is at its peak and signs/symptoms specific to the disease

prodrome

early, vague nonspecific signs and symptoms

incubation phase

time from exposure to symptoms

nuchal rigidity

stiff neck

photophobia

extreme sensitivity to light

Kernig sign

resistance to extension of leg when hip is flexed

Brudzinksi sign

flexion of the hips and knees in response to neck flexion

host defense failure

failure of the body to mount a response to a pathogen

antigenic variation

• pathogens strategies to evade detection

• virus hides by going into latency

• use immune cells as host to avoid destruction

• immunodeficiency

immunodeficiency

inhibit immune components and cells

• primary: recurrent severe infections

• secondary: results from another disease

hypersensitive reactions

excessive immune response to allergens

atopic

people who develop IgE responses to a variety of allergens

arthus reaction

when a type III hypersensitivity immune complex causes an immune response in the skin that leads to localized necrotic tissues

• occurs in lupus and RA

sensitization

phase-first exposure to antigen

• memory cells are prodcued

• body makes antibodys

elicitation

phase-memory T cells response to a subsequent exposure

allograft

graft between unrelated individuals

• trying to obtain a match

autograft

graft/transplant from self or genetically identical individual

autoimmunity

failure to distinguish self from non-self; immune response targets and attacks its own tissues

• specific organ damage: type II hypersensitivity antibody mediated

• systemic damage: type III hypersensitivity immune complex

alloimmunity

immune response is stimulated in response to the presence of cells from another individual of the same species

kaposi sarcoma

a cancer that causes skin lesion and mucous membrane

• unique clinical manifestation in AIDS

Pneumocystitis

fungus growing in the lungs

• unique clinical manifestation in AIDS

seroconversion

time from infection to development of antibodies

• few weeks up till three months

HIV stage 0

early infection

HIV stage 1

more than 500 CD4 cells/mcL

• CD4 = T-helper cells

HIV stage 2

200 through 499 cells/mcL

• CD4 = T-helper cells

HIV stage 3

less than 200 cells/mcL

• CD4 = T-helper cells

• CLASSIFIED AS AIDS

anaphylatic reaction

exaggerated systemic degranulation response

• type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (IgE mediated)

• degranulation from basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells

anaphylatic systemic response:

• dilation of vascular smooth muscles (blood vessels)

• constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

• increase vascular permeability

urticaria

itching hive like reaction

fungi

yeast, molds

protozoa

unicellular organism transmitted via sexual contact, food, water, or insects

• malaria, giardia, or trichomonas

atypical bacteria

bacteria with some viral characteristics

mycoplasmas

live on surfaces of host cell

septicemia

when an infection has spread into the blood

sepsis

body’s reaction to septicemia

culture

identifying the presence of microorganisms in tissues (blood) or exudate

sensitivity

identify which antimicrobial drugs would be effective for a pathogen

tinea corpois

body

• ringworm

tinea versicolor

skin

• hypopigmentation (not a true tinea)

tinea captis

scalp

• hair loss or breakage

tinea pedis

feet

• maceration between and around toes

tinea cruris

groin

• jock-itch, erythema

tinea unguium

nails

• nail thickening, discoloration

bronchospasms

difficulty in breathing due to constriction of the smooth muscle in airway

thrush

patches of white infection

• located in the mouth

Candida intertrigo

skin fold (under breast) yeast

onychomycosis

yellowing and hardening of nails

• located in fingernails

vaginitis

white, cheesy vaginal discharge

• located in the proximal vagina

jaundice

yellowing of skin due to excess bilirubin

• build up of bilirubin in the skin when the liver can’t efficiently metabolize and excrete bilirubin through feces and urine

antipyretics

drugs that reduce fever

bilirubin

yellow pigment formed during the breakdown of heme in red blood cells

cirrhosis

fibrosis

necrosis

death

hepatitis A

• acute

• lack of food hygiene, contaminated water, substandard sanitary facilities (awful eating)

• vaccine

hepatitis B

• acute or chronic

• blood and bodily fluids

• MOST COMMON

• vaccine

hepatitis C

• patients can health within 3 to 6 months

• acute or chronic

• blood to blood

• Iv drugs or contaminated medical devices

hepatitis D

• blood and bodily fluids

• mother to fetus

• can only experience when infected with hepatitis B

hepatitis E

• fecal oral transmission or contaminated water (awful eating)

• lack of food hygiene

hepatocytes

liver cells that can regenerate

kupffer cells

specialized live cells that act to phagocytizes pathogens

• help recycle old red blood cells

cellular proliferation

genes, growth factors, nutrients, and stimulation from the external environment

differentiation

the specialization/function of the cell

cellular proliferation and differentiation are under…

the control of genetics

autonomy

excessive cellular proliferation

• sense of independence cells become independent from homeostatic control

anaplasia

loss of cellular differentiation

• cells have a specific specialization/function

mutator genes

repair DNA and protect genome

• disabling the protective DNA repairing mutator gene, the environment is constructed to neoplastic development

proto-oncogenes

code for proteins involved in cell growth and regulation

tumor-suppressor genes

prohibit over proliferation of cells and regulate apoptosis

initiation of cancer

exposure of cells to a carcinogenic agent

• causes a mutation in a cell

promotion

a promoter event activates oncogenes

• growth and reproduction of mutated cells

• promoters: chronic inflammation (increase the proliferation of mutated cells) and environmental chemicals

progression

independent growth

• cancerous growth is no longer dependent on exposure to the promoter

neoplastic cells

cancerous cells that ignore normal cellular regulation

proto-oncogenes become oncogenes via:

1.) point mutations

• displacement of a singular nucleotide

2.) translocation

• chromosomes breaks and relocates

3.) gene amplification

• accelerates repilferation of genes

carcinogens (promoter agents)

• radiation

• hormones

• chemicals

• tobacco

• microbes

cancer must be exposed to an agent!

benign tumors

• localized (staying within their region, not passing basement membrane)

• resembles tissue of origin

• maintains differention, just experiences unregulated growth (hyperplasia)

• creates pressure on nearby tissues

• contains a capsule

malignant tumors

• invasive and destructive

• proliferate quickly (goes passed basement membrane)

• metasize

• does not resemble tissue of origin (lack of differential)

normal count of white blood cells

800 to 3,000 white blood cells CD4 T-cells per mcL

angiodema

swelling towards the face

• eyes

• mouth

• cheek

vectors

organisms that carry the pathogen and pass along

• reservoir (have the life cycle)

• ticks, mosquitoes, etc.

parasites

• obligate (must have host to survive and reproduce)

bacteria

contain cell walls, aerobic, and anaerobic

• gram negative: does not have cell wall (no defense mechanism (worse to have an infection off)

• gram positive: have cell wall