U2 med sci group C/D

functions of skeleton

provide structure/protection movement

structure of synovial joint

end of bones are encased in smooth muscle reducing friction and absorbs shock

what is synovial membrane

layer of connective tissue that lines cavities of joints/tendons and bursae

what is synovial fluid

lubricant in some of your joints reduce friction

actin

protien plays role in muscle contraction

myosin

converts chemical energy into physical form allowing for muscle contraction and movement

troponin

key regulator in muscle contraction and relaxation

slow twitch muscle fibres

contract slowly but made for endurance rely on oxidative phosphorylation

fast twitch muscle fibres

rapid powerful movements rely on anaerobic glycolysis generate greater force but fatigue faster

neuromuscular junction

triggers muscle contraction

role of neurotransmitters

carry messages or signals from one nerve cell to next target cell

the role of tendons in attaching muscles to bones

let bones move as your muscle tighten and relax

osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease causes joints to become painful and stiff

osteoporosis/rickets

bone disease caused my delayed mineralization of bone

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

causes skeletal and heart muscle weakness its a recessive genetic disorder

Myasthenia gravis

chronic neuromuscular disease causes muscle weakness in voluntary muscles

double circulation

a system where blood passes through the heart twice for every complete circuit of the body.

why is doble circulatory system important

blood can be pumped faster around the body

blood can be pumped around the body at a higher pressure

atria

receive blood returning to the heart

ventricles

pump blood into systemic and pulmonary circulations

myocardium

allow for contraction and relaxation of the heart walls

myogenic muscle

when heart contracts heart betas at a baseline rate without any input from the nervous system

SAN (sino atrial node)

send electrical impulses that start your heart beat

AVN (atrioventricular node)

to send an electrical impulse to the cardiac muscles of the right and left ventricles

atrioventricular valves

• Open during atrial systole, allowing blood to flow into the ventricles.

• 
  

semi lunar valves

• Open during ventricular systole, allowing blood to be ejected from the ventricles into the arteries

• Close during diastole to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the arteries.

bundle of his

transmit the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles

septum

separates the left and right sides of the heart

purkinje fibre

Specialised, rapid-conducting cells in the heart's ventricular walls.

coronary arteries

supply heart with blood

veins

transport deoxygenated blood back to heart and lungs

stages of cardiac cycle

stage 1- atrial systole

stage 2-ventricular systole

stage 3-diastole

what is stage 1 atrial systole

• ventricles relax atria contract

• increase in atrial pressure

• atrioventricular valves open

• blood flows into the ventricles

what is stage 2 ventricular systole

• ventricles contract atria relax

• ventricular pressure increases

• semi-lunar valves open and atrioventricular valves close

• blood flows into arteries

what is stage 3 diastole

• ventricles and atria relax

• semi-lunar valves close

• blood flows passively into the atria

arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from heart

thick muscular layer help withstand high pressure

smooth muscle help blood flow reduce friction

arterioles

carry blood from arteries to capillaries

small diameter thin muscle layer and lumen

thin elastic layer bcs blood transport in low pressure

veins

transport deoxygenated blood from body back to the heart

thin muscle and elastic layer bcs blood is transported slowly under low pressure

have valves blood pressure in the veins is slow valves ensure blood dont flow backwards

venules

blood travels from capillaries into venules

venules have thinner walls than arterioles

porous allow fluid and blood to easily flow through their walls

capillaries

exchange substances between blood and body tissues

narrow for increase of diffusion

erythrocytes

bring oxygen to the tissues in your body

flattened biconcave disc no nucleus pale or red color

B cells

B cells is to produce and release antibodies that are specific for unique antigen on the surface of a pathogen.

T cells

T cells are activated when they encounter and bind to their specific antigen

function of a white blood cells

T cells are activated when they encounter and bind to their specific antigen

platelets

Platelets are fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting and forming scabs.

atherosclerosis

thickening and narrowing of arteries due to the build-up of lipoid plaques in the inner lining of an artery.

arteriosclerosis

blood vessels that carry 02 and nutrients from the heart to rest of body become thick and stiff

squamous epithelium

in the lining of blood vessels and air sacs enables the easy exchange of gases and other molecules between tissues. 

surfactant

chemical compound reduce surface tension between diffrent substances such as 2 liquids either gas and a liquid or liquid and a solid

mucous membranes

lubricates and protects these organs and cavities

ciliated epithelium

found in the respiratory tract contain cilia move trapped particulate away from lungs

mucus

lubricates, traps, and expels foreign material such as bacteria, dust, and smoke

macrophages

immune cells that destroy germs, damaged cells and cancer cells. They promote tissue repair and healing

diaphragm

helps you breath sits under lungs separate chest cavity from abdomen

Rib cage

surround and protect vital organs in your chest cavity

intercostal muscles

intercostal muscles work together to expand and shrink the space inside your ribcage

dead space

in the airways no gas exchange takes place

COPD risk factors

• tobacco smoke

• asbestos

• fungal spores

• pollution

emphysema risk factors

cigarette smoke

asthma risk factors

• cold weather

• exercise

• stress

pulmonary fibrosis risk factors

• radiation treatment

• fumes, vapor

chronic bronchitis

• smoking

• frequent dust /chemical fumes exposure

• have asthma