HIGHWAY MIDTERM

Road

is a structure that link barangays and cities in the country

Primary National Road

is the main highway trunk line system that is continuous in extent that goes from province to province and region to region.

Road

It serves as medium in transporting goods and commodities from one place to another, and as communication link which brings economic development to a nation.

Secondary National Road

it connects a provincial road or national road to a public wharf or railway station.

Provincial Road

it connects two municipalities or cities within a province.

City Road

it a street within the urban area of the city.

Municipal Road

it is a street within the población area of a municipality.

Barangay Road

it is a street located outside the población area of a municipality or urban area of a city and those outside industrial, commercial areas or residential

Major Roads

are frequently used by traffic and classified as National Roads or those which are part of the highway system.

Minor Roads

are roads which is local in nature. It serves only the interest of the locality such as a street. They are less frequently used by traffic.

Highway

it can accommodate greater traffic volume

Street

it serves as a service area connecting to highways.

Earth Road

It is the “simplest form of road” constructed by shaping and smoothing the natural soil traversed by the road line.

Gravel Road

Are constructed from natural gravel together with a sufficient amount of good quality soil to serve as binder. It is sometimes termed as an “all weather road”

Gravel Road

are used to construct Farm to Market Roads which serves to connect rural and agricultural areas to market towns.

Asphalt Road

It is frequently described as “flexible pavement”. It is composed of hot mix combination of asphalt cement, crushed stone, fine sand and a small amount of air.

PCC Pavement Road

It is sometimes termed as “rigid pavement”. It is composed of cement and water which are mixed with clean sand and graded sizes of crushed rock or similar material to make concrete.

Subgrade

is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the undisturbed local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill. In either case, it is compacted during construction for road stability.

Aggregate Subbase and Base Courses

are individual stabilizing layers of selected material and designed thickness placed on top of the subgrade to distribute the load transmitted from the surface course.

Surface Course

is the uppermost structural component of the roadway, which provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due to traffic load.

Surface Course

It also provides an even skid resistance surface with comfortable durability and is appropriately crowned to prevent rain water from penetrating into the sub grade.

Shoulders

are located beside the carriage way which is the total width available for passing vehicles, and is used to receive lateral clearance to protect major structures on the roadside, to secure safety and comfort of both motorists and pedestrians and for emergency stopping purposes.

Drainage Structures

are located beneath or alongside the roadway used in collecting, transporting and disposing of surface water originating in or near the road right of way.

Types of Drainage

lateral drainage: U shaped, V shapedl.
transverse or cross drainage: box culvert or pipe culvert.

Slope Protection Structures

are constructed along the side of the roadway to stabilize the slopes.

Retaining Walls

are constructed along the side of the roadway if there are space constrictions.

Erosion and sediment controls

are constructed to prevent detrimental effects.

As Stake Survey

Determines the actual position of the road structure based on the plans. Helps in determining what necessary deviation should be undertaken.

Detour Roads

Becomes necessary to divert traffic from any existing roadway whenever the construction operations block the flow of traffic.

Access Roads

A road by which a job is connected to the highway system and is generally used in connection with borrow pits.
Are also built for each isolated piece of job it services.

Clearing and Grubbing

is the removal and disposal of all surface objects including vegetation, grass, stumps, trees and other protruding obstructions not designated to remain along the roadway prior to commencing of any earth moving activity.

Disposal of Debris

The Contractor should coordinate with the Project Engineer regarding the identification of sites for disposal area in compliance with the provisions stated in the Environmental Clearance Certificate issued by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).

Removal of structures and obstructions

consist of the taking away, wholly or in part, and the satisfactory disposal off the site of all structures within the construction site and right of way which have not been designated to remain.

Excavation

consists of all the excavation for grading and draining the roadway, and includes loading, hauling and placing the excavated materials from roadway cuts to construct embankments or its disposal to a designated location.

Unsuitable Excavation

is the removal and disposal of saturated mixture of soils and organic matter such as peat and muck which are not suitable as road foundation materials which can cause instability in embankments.

Common Excavation

refers to the excavation of common materials along the road traverse that may be placed as fill or disposed as surplus.

Rock Excavation

is the digging on the ground necessary along the road way traverse to remove encountered rock to its designed elevation either for use as an embankment or for hauling to a waste deposit area.

Thru Mechanical Ripping

if the rock is soft.

Thru Controlled Blasting

if the rock is too hard.

Surplus Excavation

are suitable materials excavated along the road traverse which are disposed as excess in the formation of embankment subgrade.

Structure Excavation

consists of the necessary excavation, removal and satisfactory disposal of all materials within the stipulated limits.

Embankment

is describe as the work or volume of earthen material necessary in the formation of embankment roadway thru the use of suitable materials which may be sourced along the road traverse or borrow from an outside source.

10 tons

Compaction should be done by rolling with a minimum weight of ______

500

Conduct one group of three in situ density tests for each _____ square meter or fraction thereof of compacted layer.

windrowing

should be undertaken and allow it to dry

watering/sprinkling

If the material is too dry, ______ with water shall be undertaken uniformly.

Field Density Test

which is conducted on site in order to determine if the required compaction specification has been attained to a specific layer.

Blue Tops

painted sticks placed along the side of the road traverse as guide and reference in the elevation of the different layering requirements of the road project

Subgrade

is that portion of the earth roadbed which after having been constructed to reasonably close conformance with the lines, grades and cross sections indicated on the plans, receives and supports the sub base or base course materials.

fill section

the sub grade is the top of the embankment or the fill.

cut section

the sub grade is the bottom of the cut.

Aggregate Subbase Course

refers to the structural sub layer material of a roadway placed directly on top of the subgrade.

20

Provide blue top of every _____ meters interval (marked staked) for vertical control reference, to be placed along the side of the roadway.

Appropriate crown/cross slope

should be maintained during laying/spreading operation to ensure proper draining when rains occur.

150

A maximum compacted thickness for any layer shall not exceed _____ mm.

Rolling/compaction

shall progress gradually from the sides to the center, parallel to the center of the road and shall continue until the whole surface has been rolled up to the number of passes required based on the trial section result where 100% compaction is attained.

aggregate base course

is the load carrying portion and provides the structural capacity to bituminous concrete slabs by carrying the load and distribute it to the soil under the layers of asphalt concrete.

Spreading

The subbase/base materials shall be spread to the required thickness for compaction.

Compaction

Each layer shall be compacted to the full width.

Prime Coat

is an application of thin bituminous material to a porous base before putting on a surface course.

Tack Coat

is an application of liquid asphalt on an existing pavement

Bitumen

is the essential ingredient in practically all flexible pavements.

“job mix formula”.

The exact percentage to be used is established by the

1. Aggregate
2. Mineral Filler
3. Hydrated Lime
4. Bituminous Material

Job Mix Formula:

Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP)

is constructed by casting in place, on a prepared foundation, a concrete slab with the top finished to provide a smooth and durable wearing surface for traffic.

Screeder

is used to grade concrete in such manner as to prevent segregation.

Concrete Finishing

Longitudinal Float is used after the concrete has been consolidated

Brooming

of concrete shall be in a uniform appearance of corrugations

Curing

is necessary for the hydration to take place

asphalt sealant

Joints shall be sealed with

Against Rain

To protect the newly poured concrete pavement.

Against Traffic

To protect the newly poured concrete pavement at its early age

cracking

If Contraction Joint or Weakened Plane Joint (WPJ) is not installed, random _____ will occur.

longitudinal construction joint
tie bars

If the lanes are concreted separately, a ________________________ in the form of a key and keyway is used. Deformed _______are placed perpendicular to this joint.

Expansion Joint
Dowel Bars

______________ is usually from 19 to 25 mm wide and extend the full depth of the slab. ___________ is used in expansion joint

Dowels

are “plain round steel bars” generally coated with a thin file of bitumen to protect them against corrosion and to facilitate sliding in concrete.

Tie Bars

: are deformed bars used in construction joints and longitudinal joints together with keys to tie two slabs together. Its installation must be midway in the slab

Concrete Slab

Made of reinforced on plain concrete

Subbase

Portion of the pavement structure between the subgrade and the slab

Subgrade

Bottom portion of the pavement structure

32

The Engineer shall require that measures be taken into consideration to prevent the temperature of concrete mix from exceeding ____ degree C

Surface texturing

is necessary to keep a skid resistant surface and is done after the surface has hardened enough.

Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains

can be constructed before the commencement of earthworks, during earthworks or when the formation has reached sub grade level.

1:2

Mortar proportion is ____ with enough water to obtain the desired consistency.

Backfill
15
30

________ are placed and compacted in layers not exceeding ___ cm. on both sides up to an elevation of _____ cm above the top of the culvert

Spreading

maybe done manually using rakes and shovels at a thin layer which is most ideal to produce easycompaction of material done using hand tampers to insure a thoroughly tamped backfill.

Riprap and Grouted Riprap

is a type of slope protection using boulders of specified size and character which may be done with or without grout and which holds in place embankment slopes, cut slopes and other earth surfaces that may either be eroded or washed away by water.

Dry Riprap

is more economical without considering the grout to bring together the boulders however; it is only applicable to a limited height and slope.

Grouted Riprap

requires the use of grout to fill up the interstices of the boulders both of which are put together to form a monolithic armor and obtain a strong but rigid slope protection structure.

alternately

Boulders and grout are placed layer by layer ________.

longest axis perpendicular

Each stone is laid with its _____________________to the slope in close contact with the adjacent stone.

3

After grouting, the surface is cured for a period of at least _____ days from the date of installation.

Retaining Wall

are structures that support soils at slopes steeper in their angle of repose and because of their resistance to earth pressure derived from their own weight they are also known as “gravity walls”.

less than 150

Stones should have a thickness of not ____ mm.

not be more than 50

Face stones should be pitched to the line along the beds and joints. The maximum projection of rock faces beyond the pitch lines should ___________ mm.

Boulders
one and one half

_________ thickness of not less than 150 mm, and widths of not less than ___________________ times their respective thickness, and lengths of not less than one and one half times their respective widths.

Mortar

composed of one part of Portland Cement and two parts of fine aggregate by volume and sufficient water to make the mortar such consistency that it can be handled easily and spread with a trowel.

Sidewalk

is typically 100 mm to 150 mm thick slab on grade and it is an important feature of the urban environment.

Curb

is the raised rim which forms the edge of the sidewalk

gutter

is the lower horizontal paved portion.