Psych Midterm 2

Albert Ellis

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis’s goal

Maximize pleasure and minimize pain

The two-factor theory explains the development of anxiety or trauma disorders in terms of

Classical and operant conditioning

At its core, implosive therapy attempts to extinguish or reduce pathological anxiety by

presenting clients with anxiety-provoking stimuli while preventing avoidance responses

an important component of treatments for PTSD

Imaginal exposure to the trauma in a controlled, safe treatment setting

One way to conceptualize fear reduction during exposure is from conditioning theories. An alternative conceptualization advanced by Prolonged Exposure Therapy (Foa et al.) involves

emotional reprocessing

In EMDR, the directed eye movements are believed to be a means of

activating the information processing system

EMDR postulates that psychopathology originates with

blockage in the nervous system's information processing ability

To be called a "negative reinforcement,” an event must be shown to

increase the probability of a response that produces the removal of a noxious stimulus

The therapeutic method of systematic desensitization is believed to work by means of

Counter conditioning

the "3 C's of Behavior Therapy"

Counter conditioning, contingency management, cognitive behavior modification

Self-control problems generally involve immediate

positive consequences and long-term negative consequences

According to behavior theory, the general value of the therapeutic relationship likely results from

therapist modeling

The major characteristics of behavioral treatments

assessment and evaluation, importance of learning, active and directive nature of interventions

As Jarrod became increasingly depressed, he withdrew from his relationships, had difficulty being engaged in his daily routines, and seemed to avoid once pleasurable activities. While his avoidance behaviors seemed at first to provide relief, they also contributed to worsening depression. Behavior therapists would most likely emphasize which of the following to break his cycle of depression?

Behavioral activation

Joseph Wolpe's reciprocal inhibition involves conditioning the individual to have a response that is incompatible with anxiety--such as conditioning someone to use relaxation techniques when faced with anxiety provoking stimuli or to use assertive responses to inhibit social anxiety are best described by which mechanism of change?

Counter conditioning

At its core, Ellis' rational-emotive theory of personality is said to be almost as easy as ABC, in which ABC represents

Activating events of life, rational and/or irrational Beliefs, and emotional and behavioral Consequences

Ellis eventually elaborated his REBT model to add the letters D and E to ABC, wherein D stands for __________ and E refers to

Disputing irrational beliefs; Effective new philosophy

The REBT therapeutic process is most focused on

identifying and disputing irrational beliefs and replacing them with more rational beliefs

Beck's cognitive therapy was initially developed specifically for the treatment of

Depression

Beck's cognitive triad for depression includes cognitive errors in the areas of

Self, world, future

In Beck's cognitive therapy having the patient learn to deal with upsetting thoughts objectively and reevaluating them rather than automatically accepting them is called

Distancing

In treating a client for depression, a cognitive therapist is most likely to

ask her to monitor her thoughts, particularly those that are self-negating

In Beck's cognitive model, there are multiple levels of cognition, which level is already experienced consciously by the client?

Automatic thoughts

Although REBT is discussed in the text chapter on cognitive therapies, it also includes a strong behavioral component. For example, an REBT therapist will at times establish a contract with a client who is failing to complete his/her homework assignments. This behavioral strategy is an example of

Contingency management

the change processes used in Cognitive Therapy

Contingency management, conditional stimuli, consciousness raising

Mechanisms of change for Prolonged Exposure Therapy

Counter conditioning and consciousness raising

Mechanisms of change for EMDR

Counter conditioning, consciousness raising, catharsis

Implosive therapy basic tenets

Avoidance, generalization, extinction

Reciprocal inhibition

Reverse/opposite

Counterconditioning techniques for Behavior Therapy

Systematic desensitization, assertiveness training, stimulus control

A, B, C Behavior Chain

Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences

Excess

Excessive response

Deficits

Lack of response

Inappropriateness

Responses inappropriate to situation

Phases of CAM

Conceptualizing the problem, trying on the conceptualization, modifying cognitions and producing new behavior

Six steps of effective contingency management

State problem and behavioral terms, identify behavioral objectives, take baseline measures, conduct naturalistic observations, modify existing contingencies, monitor the results

3 waves of behavior therapy

Strict behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, incorporate acceptance and mindfulness into standard cognitive behavioral therapies

The first wave of behavior therapy

Strict behavior therapy

The second wave of behavior therapy

Cognitive behavior therapy

The third wave of behavior therapy

Incorporate acceptance and mindfulness into standard cognitive behavioral therapies

Leading third wave therapies

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), Mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Marsha Linehan

Developed DBT for chronically suicidal and borderline personality disorder

DBT theory of psychopathology

Borderline personalities are products of genetic and social abnormalities, combine this with abuse and you often get BPD

BPD clients

Difficult to relate to socially and professionally

3 priorities of DBT

1. Deal with threats of suicidal or other self destructive behaviors

2. Focus on threats to the therapeutic relationship

3. Skill development

The 4 skill developments of DBT

Mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness

DBT therapeutic processes

Consciousness raising, choosing, counterconditioning, dialectic between behavior change and radical acceptance

Major part of DBT

Distress tolerance, learning to sit with emotions

Consciousness raising of DBT

Focus on present moment without judging, mindfulness based approach, three parts

Observe (consciousness raising of DBT)

Non judgmentally experience yourself and surroundings

Observe (consciousness raising of DBT)

Non judgmentally experience yourself and surroundings

Participate (consciousness raising of DBT)

Engage the present moment one mindfully as they are

Choosing of DBT

Clients become mindful and accept distressing events

Radical acceptance

Radical acceptance

Choose to face the reality as it is without judging it, mindfully accept the pain/distress without magnifying it

Counterconditioning of DBT

Effective skills when changing behavior and mindfulness when accepting situation

Emotion regulation, build mastery and a sense of self efficacy, self care behaviors to increase positive emotional here and now experiences

Emotion regulation

Reduce vulnerability to negative emotions by taking care of yourself

DBT therapeutic relationship

Therapists relate like healthy parents, help set effective limits on emotional reactions that can disrupt therapy, ensure parents have supportive groups and therapists have supervisory consultations, therapists shift from parenting to teaching

Steven Hayes

Developed ACT in part from his own panic disorder

Focused on one of cognitive therapy’s components: cognitive distancing

ACT theory of psychopathology

Normal and a part of human nature

Cognitive fusion

Cognitive fusion

We become so focused on undesirable thoughts and feelings that we respond to them instead of responding to what’s happening in the world

ACT therapeutic processes

Consciousness raising, choosing, catharsis, counterconditioning

Consciousness raising of ACT

Raise awareness to the here and now, strong use of mindfulness based acceptance (come and go)

Cognitive diffusion

Cognitive diffusion

Thoughts are not facts, they are hypothesis. Let them come and go

Choosing of ACT

Clients are free to suffer, free to feel, choose their behavior, identify values and learn to be driven by values rather than cultural expectations of health

Values as a compass

Catharsis of ACT

Look to your core values that reflect who you really are

Counterconditioning of ACT

Acceptance is a form of reciprocal inhibition, focus on the present, learn to remain with thoughts and feelings, let feelings come and go without avoidance

Reciprocal inhibition of ACT

The healthy opposite of controlling and avoiding

ACT therapeutic relationship

Therapist acts as an experienced coach, helps clients identify private events that interfere with effective action

Mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Mindfulness based stress reduction added to Becks cognitive therapy

Centers on modes of mind

MCBT mechanisms of change

Consciousness raising, choosing, counterconditioning

Cognitive processes that lead to depressive relapse

Differential activation hypothesis, cognitive reactivity, rumination

Differential activation hypothesis

Sad moods have the power to reactivate patterns of negative thinking

Cognitive reactivity

The tendency of formerly depressed people to react to mild changes in mood with large changes in thinking

Rumination

The tendency to focus passively on the causes and consequences of problems

Modes of Mind

Doing mind, Being mind, Healthy living means multiple modes of being

Doing mind

Productive stay busy take care of this problem drives problem-solving can be a good motivator. If problem can’t be fixed. This creates an endless negative feedback loop.

Consciousness raising of MBCT

To modes of mind

Being mind

Focuses on welcoming the present moment, no evaluation or judgment just being

Choosing of MBCT

To access mode of being, acquiring skills

Counterconditioning of MBCT

Disengage from automatic responses through mindful, intentional focus

MBCT therapeutic relationship

Supportive, sensitive, and most of all good models. Focus is more on process than relationship

ACT effectiveness

Consistently all performs no treatment and weight loss controls across disorders, but similar outcomes as alternative treatments

DBT effectiveness

A treatment of choice for borderline personality disorder

MBCT effectiveness

Shows promise

Constructivism

One cannot attain knowledge of reality that is objective or independent of knower

Nihilism

Real things exist, but we cannot access reality outside of language

Constructivism and the 3 umpires

Ethical empire, empirical umpire, constructivist empire

2 influential constructivist therapies

Solution focused therapy (SFT) and Narrative therapy

Assumptions of SFT

People are healthy and competent

People are capable of constructing solutions

SFT Psychotherapy

Enhance lives by focusing on solutions rather than problems

SFT Psychopathology

Can never be known

Guidelines for constructing goals

Positive, process, present, practical, specific, client control, client language

Positive

Focus on what behavior will be used instead of what behavior should be changed

Process

Focus on how change will occur

Present

The client leaves the session on track, change happens now

Practical

Goals must be attainable

Specific

Goals must be specific and unambiguous

Client control

What will you be doing differently

Client language

Avoid jargon, speak the clients language