Lecture 1 biomechanics and anatomical terms

Appendicular Skeleton

bones included in the upper and lower extremities, shoulder girdle, and pelvis

Arthrokinematics

deals with the manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to each other

Arthrology

the study of joints

Axial Skeleton

bones including the vertebrae/spine, ribs, sternum, and skull

Axis Of Motion

the center of rotation for a joint

Biomechanics

examines the forces and mechanical laws that influence human motion and posture

Body Functions

Physiologic functions of body systems (including psychological functions)

Body Structures

Anatomic parts of the body, such as organs, limbs, and their components

Bony landmarks

component of the bone that protrudes beneath the skin

Caudal

beneath or toward the tail

Closed-chain Movement

functional movement involving a fixed (nonmoving) distal segment such that the proximal joint(s) move together in relation to this fixed point

Closed-pack Position

a joint position in which there is maximal contact between articular surfaces and maximal tension on the surrounding ligaments; the joint's most stable position

Contralateral

opposite sides of the body

Cranial

direction of the skull

Distal

further from the trunk

Dorsal

towards the back side of the body

Elasticity

The ability to stretch and return to original state after tensile force is applied and/or removed

End-feel

Moving a joint to the absolute end of its range of motion

First-class Lever

Axis in the middle, resistance and effort on either end. Examples include the muscles of the neck, and a see-saw.

Force

Any push or pull of matter

Frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back (anterior and posterior) regions.

Functional Anatomy

The underlying structures that aid in the movements involved in daily tasks, relates to motor performance.

Functional Mobility

The process of moving from one position/place to another, relates to biomechanics

Inferior

The lower portion of the body in reference to the transverse plane. Includes lower extremities and pelvis

Insertion

The moveable part of an attachment, often the most distal portion

Ipsilateral

Refers to same side of the body

Isotonic

Contractions with a change in muscle length and joint function

Joint Reaction Force

Mechanical force generated by the joint and the combination of mechanical loads

Gliding joint

0 degrees, permits any kind of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Hinge joint

1 degree, extension/flexion (ex.elbow and knee)

Pivot joint

1 degree, promotes rotary movement

Ellipsoid joint

2 degrees, allows movement across 2 planes (ex. Wrist, knuckles)

Saddle joint

2 degrees, moves around 2 axes (ex. Heel and thumb)

Ball and socket joint

multi-planar, 360 degrees (ex. Hip and shoulder)

Kinesiology

Study of human movement

Kinetic Chain

Interdependent movements of segments and joints in the body

Lateral

Farther from the bodies midline

Length-tension Relationship

concept that a muscle's strength is relative to its length at time of contraction

Mechanical Advantage

leverage affected by type of lever and length of moment arm

Medial

close to midline

Moment

turning effect of a force or its tendency to cause rotation

Moment Arm

distance from an axis to the force acting upon it; perpendicular distance from the joint center of rotation to the muscle moving it

Motor Skills

using musculoskeletal structures to apply coordinated force to joints in the body

Myology

study of muscle

Neurology

study of nerves

Occupational Performance

act of completing meaningful activities

Occupations

meaningful activities

Open-chain Movement

free movement of the distal body segment in space. Example: a conductor moving a baton to direct a band

Open-pack Position

allow for more movement but less stability

Origin

attachment point that moves the least

Osteoarthritis

degeneration of cartilage within a joint

Osteokinematics

gross movement of bones in relation to one another

Osteology

study of bones

Palpation

using physical touch to identify structures

Planes Of Motion

Fixed planes that segments of the human body move through or parallel to; include the sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse planes

Posterior

(dorsal) back

Proximal

close to the trunk

Purposeful Movement

meaningful, goal oriented motion

Radial

structure on the lateral side of the arm

Sagittal plane

divides body into right and left side.

Second-class Lever

a lever arranged with the exerted and resistive forces on the same side of an axis, with the resistive force closer to the axis

Strain

the amount of material displacement under a specific amount of stress

Stress

the amount of applied force per area

Superior

above

Surface Anatomy

features that are palpable or visible on surface of skin

Third-class Lever

a lever arranged with the exerted and resistive forces on the same side of an axis, with the exerted force closer to the axis

Torque

the turning effect of a force or its ability to rotate an object

Transverse plane

divides body into inferior and superior positions

Ulnar

structure on the medial side of the arm

Ventral

Front

Volar

Front