Anatomy Final 2023 (VETN 110)

explain why it is technically incorrect but common to describe the process of breathing as respirations

how does the respiratory system help maintain ph balance in the body

gas exchange into and out of the blood and tissues is driven by

concentration gradients

what is the result of lack of o2 in the tissues

no ATP

explain how air from the environment enters into the lungs

what anatomic structure is common in the respiratory and digestive system

pharynx

explain why it is important to use a laryngoscope to intubate animals that have shortened faces (brachycephalic)

it is important so we are able to visualize the aritnoid cartiliages

explain dead space

no gas exchange

the lungs are able to expand through

lung coupling to the thoracic wall and expansion of the chest

the volume of air that is taken into the lungs during each ventilation cycle is

tidal volume

true or false. deglutination is to bring ingested material back into the mouth

false

how are mammals able to utilize the energy found in cellulose

cellulose breakdown through action of cellulase produced by microorganisms

which digestive structure is found within the oral cavity proper

tongue

a dog that has deciduous canine teeth just coming through the gingiva is

2-5 weeks

what is the dental formula for an adult dog

2X (I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3)

what is the dental formula for a cat

kitten- 2X (i3/3, c1/1, 3/2p)

adult- 2X(I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1)

true or false, thermoregulation is one of the functions of saliva

true

what is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach

pylorus

intenstinal absorption of protiens and carbohydrates is dependent upon

the absorption of sodium

how can the parietal cells secrete hydrocloric acid into the stomach and not damage the cells of the stomach mucosal wall

true or false, hormones play a large roll in the motility of the stomach

true

what are the purposes of intenstinal contractions

what structures are found within the mesoduodnum

pancreas

what modification of the cells of the intenstinal wall allows efficient absorption

true or false, fats can be absorbed because of emulsification by bile

true

what are the primary exocrine secretions of the pancreas

bicarbonate

what is the difference between a hindgut and foregut fermenter

what are four different divisions of the ruminant forestomach and stomach

rumen

omasum

reticulum

abomasum

what occurs during the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle

heart contracts

what structure encloses the heart

plueral cavity, visceral pericardium

when listening to the heart the second sound is the AV valve closing, true or false

false

the lifespan for a red blood cell has a range of

2-5 months

what are the granulocytes in blood

eosinophils

basophils

neutrophils

what is anisocytosis

unequal size of ertythrocytes

which species has heterophils instead of neutrophils

rabbits

what are the primary functions of macrophages

true or false, an afferent neuron is also known as a motor neuron

false

what is the blood brain barrier

to protect the brain from foreign substances

what are the 3 muscle types and what are two general characteristics of each

skeletal- voluntary control; striated

smooth- striated; involuntary control

cardiac- involuntary control; striated

true or false, glial cells are support cells for nervous system functions

true

name the subdivisions of the spine

lumbar

cervical

thoracic

sacral

coccygeal

true or false, smooth muscle contracts through the interaction of actin and myosin

true

the decrease of the angle between two long bones is

true or false, vertebral bones are classified as short bones

false

name the 4 tissue types

epithelial

nervous

muscle

connective

CN II

optic nerve

plasma

blood fluid with clotting proteins

trigemental

CN V

serum

blood fluid with no clotting proteins

monocyte

largest WBC

acetylcoline

neurotransmitter